微生物菌剂对土壤微生物及烤烟产量和质量的影响

doi:10.16178/j.issn.0528-9017.20231054

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

由于巫山烤烟土壤资源限制,不利于连作,加之化学肥料的大量施用及有机肥施用不足,导致烟草黑胫病和青枯病等土传病害普遍发生。为此,本试验探究微生物菌剂对巫山烤烟主要病害及产量和质量的影响,以防治巫山烤烟黑胫病和青枯病,为巫山烟区优质烤烟生产提供技术支撑。采用完全随机区组设计,试验设置4个处理,即CK,当地常规施肥;T1,每667 m²增施7.5 kg海藻甲壳素精钾,兑水稀释,每株灌根1.35 kg;T2,增施套装肥(每667 m²增施1.5 kg黄腐酸钾、1.0 kg枯草哈茨木霉菌、1.5 kg枯草芽孢杆菌),兑水稀释,每株灌根1.35 kg;T3,每667 m²增施5.0 kg三合一抑菌复合剂,兑水稀释,每株灌根1.35 kg。3次重复,微生物菌剂与第一次追肥时一起施入。结果表明,施用微生物菌剂处理能提高烤烟中期植烟土壤真菌数量和后期细菌数量;T1处理能有效改善烟株农艺性状,增加最大叶面积,比对照提高了60.94%;T1处理烟株黑胫病发病率均低于其他处理,烟株青枯病发病率在60~90 d时均以T1处理最低;T1处理烟叶外观质量和感官质量总分均最高,分别比对照高了6.5分和6.0分;化学成分含量适宜,协调性好;提高了烤烟经济性状,其中T1处理产值比对照高了4 822.49元·hm^-2,上等烟比例比对照提高了4.66百分点。总体而言,每667 m²增施7.5 kg海藻甲壳素精钾的T1处理能改变植烟土壤真菌和细菌数量,改善烟株农艺性状,增加株高和叶面积,显著降低烟株黑胫病发病率和青枯病发病率,提高烟叶外观质量和感官质量,化学成分含量适宜,协调性好,产量和产值增加,烟叶等级结构提高。

关键词: 微生物菌剂, 土壤微生物, 病害, 产量和质量, 烤烟

Abstract:

The limited soil resources of flue-cured tobacco in Wushan are not good for continuous cultivation, coupled with the extensive use of chemical fertilizer and insufficient use of organic fertilizer, resulting in the common occurrence of soil-borne diseases such as tobacco black shank disease and bacterial wilt disease. Therefore, this study explored the effects of microbial agents on the main diseases and production quality of flue-cured tobacco in Wushan, in order to prevent and control tobacco black shank disease and bacterial wilt disease, and provide technical support for the production of high-quality flue-cured tobacco in Wushan tobacco area. A completely randomized block design was adopted, and four treatments were set up, namely CK, with local conventional fertilization; T1, with 7.5 kg of seaweed chitin refined potassium per 667 m² was added, diluted with water, and 1.35 kg per plant was irrigated; T2, with package fertilizer (1.5 kg potassium xanthohumate, 1.0 kg trichoderma harzianum, and 1.5 kg bacillus subtilis per 667 m²), dilute with water, and 1.35 kg per plant was irrigated; T3, with 5.0 kg of three-in-one antibacterial compound per 667 m² was added, diluted with water, and 1.35 kg per plant was irrigated. For three repetitions, the microbial inoculant was applied together with the first topdressing. The results showed that the application of microbial inoculants could increase the number of fungi in the soil in the middle period and the number of bacteria in the later period. T1 treatment could effectively improve the agronomic traits of tobacco plants and increase the tobacco maximum leaf area by 60.94% compared with the control. The incidence of black shank disease in T1 treatment was lower than that in other treatments. The incidence of bacterial wilt disease in T1 treatment was the lowest at 60-90 d. The total scores of appearance quality and sensory quality of tobacco leaves treated by T1 were the highest, which were 6.5 points and 6.0 points higher than that of control, respectively. The content of chemical composition is suitable and the coordination is good. The output value of T1 treatment was 4 822.49 yuan·hm^-2 higher than that of the control, and the proportion of high-grade tobacco was 4.66 percentage points higher than that of control. In general, T1 treatment with 7.5 kg of seaweed chitin refined potassium per 667 m² can change the number of fungi and bacteria in tobacco soil, improve the agronomic traits of tobacco plants, increase plant height and leaf area, significantly reduce the incidence of black shank disease and bacterial wilt disease, improve the appearance quality and sensory quality of tobacco leaves, the chemical content is suitable, the coordination is good, and the yield and output value are increased. The grade structure of tobacco leaves is improved.

Key words: microbial agent, soil microbe, plant diseases, yield and quality, flue-cured tobacco

中图分类号:

S572

刘建军, 曹安全, 彭玖华, 王利祥, 陈和青, 杨再军, 张丰收, 薛刚. 微生物菌剂对土壤微生物及烤烟产量和质量的影响[J]. 浙江农业科学, 2025, 66(1): 79-85.

LIU Jianjun, CAO Anquan, PENG Jiuhua, WANG Lixiang, CHEN Heqing, YANG Zaijun, ZHANG Fengshou, XUE Gang. Effects of microbial agents on soil microorganisms and yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 66(1): 79-85.

图/表 9

图1 不同微生物菌剂植烟土壤真菌动态变化同组柱上无相同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P<0.05), 图2~4同。

Fig.1 Dynamic changes of soil fungi in tobacco planting with different microbial agents

图2 不同微生物菌剂植烟土壤细菌动态变化

Fig.2 Dynamic changes of soil bacteria in tobacco planting with different microbial agents

表1 不同微生物菌剂处理烟株农艺性状

Table 1 Agronomic traits of tobacco plants treated with different microbial agents

处理	株高/ cm	茎围/ cm	节距/ cm	叶数/ 片	最大叶面积/cm²
CK	102.11 b	10.56 c	4.00 b	17.22 b	624.78 c
T1	129.20 a	13.60 a	4.70 a	20.00 a	1 005.50 a
T2	123.50 a	12.90 ab	4.60 a	18.20 b	810.09 b
T3	100.90 b	11.50 bc	4.60 a	17.80 b	633.87 c

图3 不同微生物菌剂处理对烟株黑胫病发病率的影响

Fig.3 Effect of different microbial agents on incidence rate of tobacco black shank disease

图4 不同微生物菌剂处理对烟株青枯病发病率的影响

Fig.4 Effect of different microbial agents on incidence rate of tobacco bacterial wilt disease

图5 不同微生物菌剂处理烤后烟叶外观质量

Fig.5 Appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco treated with different microbial agents

图6 不同微生物菌剂处理烤后烟叶感官质量

Fig.6 Sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco treated with different microbial agents

表2 不同微生物菌剂处理烤后烟叶常规化学成分及协调性

Table 2 Conventional chemical composition content and coordination of flue-cured tobacco treated with different microbial agents

处理	总糖含量/%	还原糖含量/%	烟碱含量/%	总氮含量/%	钾含量/ %	氯含量/ %	两糖比	糖碱比	氮碱比	钾氯比
CK	33.26 b	26.87 b	2.58 a	2.39 a	1.65 c	0.18 b	0.81 a	10.43 a	0.93 b	9.06 ab
T1	36.23 a	29.55 a	2.47 a	2.35 a	2.03 a	0.24 a	0.82 a	11.94 a	0.95 ab	8.38 b
T2	35.18 a	27.58 b	2.56 a	2.40 a	1.89 ab	0.21 ab	0.78 a	10.79 a	0.94 ab	8.90 b
T3	33.75 b	26.84 b	2.50 a	2.44 a	1.98 a	0.19 b	0.80 a	10.71 a	0.98 a	10.32 a

表3 不同微生物菌剂处理烤后烟叶经济性状

Table 3 Economic characteristics of flue-cured tobacco treated with different microbial agents

处理	产量/ (kg·hm^-2)	均价/ (元·kg^-1)	产值/ (元·hm^-2)	上等烟比例/%
CK	1 944.22 b	33.91 b	65 921.26 b	69.17 b
T1	2 038.82 a	34.70 a	70 743.75 a	73.83 a
T2	2 004.41 ab	34.12 b	68 396.97 ab	69.10 b
T3	1 950.39 ab	34.26 ab	66 828.91 b	71.26 ab

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