Fertilizer use plays an important role in crop production to ensure food security in China. At the same time, the relatively low nutrient use efficiency resulted in negative impact on environment quality. Therefore, scientific use of nutrient resources and improvement in fertilizer use efficiency is an important scientific issue rated to national food security and environment quality. This review paper discussed China’s basic situation with large population, limited arable land, relatively low land productivity and fragile ecosystem, analyzed fertilizer demand to meet the rapid increase in crop production, overviewed current use of organic and inorganic nutrient resources, and revealed N loss from chemical fertilizer application and its impact on environment. Based on deep understanding of the existing problems and great challenge China is facing, the authors proposed a new fertilizer recommendation strategy-“regional fertilizer rate control with adjustment at field level”, developed regionalized nutrient management for small size farm operation system and precision fertilization for large scale farm operation. The current situation and existing problems in slow/controlled release fertilizers and in organic nutrient resources were also discussed. For sustained increase in crop production to support food security and to protect the environment, the technic strategy was proposed, including increase of land productivity, improvement of all nutrient resources using advanced science and technology, realization of regionalized fertilizer recommendation based on land productivity. Favorable policies and continuous financial support to fertilizer related science and technology development was also suggested.

肥料在保障我国粮食安全中起着不可替代的支撑作用，同时化肥养分利用率低又产生了对环境的不良影响。因此用好肥料资源、提高肥料利用效率是关系到国家粮食安全和环境质量的重大科技问题。本文实事求是地分析了我国人多、地少、耕地质量差、农田生态环境脆弱的基本国情和肥料领域面临的严重挑战；对国家种植业发展对肥料的需求，有机养分和化肥利用现状和问题、农田中化学氮肥的损失及其对环境的影响等问题进行了较为全面地综述；提出了“区域用量控制与田块微调相结合”的推荐施肥的理念和技术路线；形成和发展了适合分散经营和规模经营的分区养分管理和精准施肥技术体系；同时对新型肥料和有机养分资源在我国研究应用的现状和存在的问题进行了分析评述。在此基础上，提出了提高耕地综合生产能力、依靠科技进步高效利用肥料资源、按照增产潜力做好施肥区域布局等技术政策，建议针对肥料科学技术的发展形成稳定的政策支持和保障。

摘　要： 粮食生产是资源约束型生产,本质的约束资源是耕地,粮食安全的核心是耕地安全。面对我国刚性增长的巨量人口,通过降低消费和扩大贸易都不能从根本上解决粮食安全问题,从战略上看,我国粮食安全的治本之策是提高粮食产出能力,两个因素制约我国粮食的有效供给：播种面积和单位面积产量,而耕地的数量和质量又最终成为约束播种面积和单位面积产量的先决条件。因此,有必要分析耕地的数量和质量变化与粮食生产的相关关系,揭示耕地对粮食生产和粮食安全的贡献作用,维护耕地质量,推进农地开发,确保耕地安全,从资源层面保障粮食安全的实现。

摘　要： 2017年要召开党的十九大，是实施“十三五”规划的重要一年、推进供给侧结构性改革的深化之年，做好农业农村经济工作，对于服务党和国家工作大局至关重要。