近年来,畜牧业生产方式发生积极转变,规模化、标准化、产业化和区域化步伐加快,畜牧业经历了快速发展阶段之后增长速度开始变缓.畜产品结构及产能随宏观经济环境变化逐步调整. 一、产值情况 2014年,中国大陆(下同)畜牧业产值达2.9万亿,比上年增长1.8％.从历史数据看,畜牧业产值在2005-2006年增长较慢,年均增长率在6％左右;2007-2011年增长较快,增长率均值达到17％以上,2011年后畜牧业产值增长率降幅较大,增长率均值下降到4％左右.

摘　要： 曾几何时，畜禽粪便、污水等废弃物都是农业生产宝贵的肥料资源，但是随着我国畜牧业的快速发展，畜禽养殖规模不断扩大，这些昔日的宝贝却因没有合理的处置和无节制地排放成为致使环境恶化的始作俑者。第一次全国污染源普查数据表明，我国畜禽养殖业COD（化学需氧量）、总氮、总磷的排放量分别为1268万吨、106万吨和16万吨，分别占全国总排放量的41．9％、21．7％、37．7％，分别占农业源排放量的96％、38％、65％，

摘　要： 根据2011 年江苏省畜禽养殖与农作物产量资料,运用加权法获得的畜禽粪便日排泄系数估算畜禽粪便产生量,并计算畜禽粪便农田负荷和全年作物氮磷吸收量,在此基础上采 用可被利用粪便氮磷量与全年作物氮磷吸收量比例关系进行污染风险评价。结果显示：2011 年江苏省畜禽粪便产生总量7.57×10^7 t、总氮4.91伊105 t、总磷1.02伊105 t,因运输、转移过程中最终进入农田实际可利用粪便氮、磷分别为1.33伊105 t 和8.37伊104 t;江苏省粪便氮、磷污染风险指数均低于0.4,属于玉级无污染水平。江苏省各市畜禽污染指数存在较大差异,且总体呈现苏北〉苏中〉苏南。

摘　要： 【目的】通过对广西主要畜禽粪便产生量及其污染物含量进行估算，了解畜禽粪便污染现状，为广西畜禽养殖业污染治理提供参考。【方法】收集2010年广西畜禽养殖量数据，利用各类畜禽粪便排泄系数，估算广西主要畜禽粪便及其污染物产生量，在此基础上计算畜禽粪便耕地负荷量和畜禽粪便污染物流失量，评估广西畜禽养殖污染对环境造成的生态压力。【结果】2010年广西畜禽粪便产生量及其养分量分别为：畜禽粪便9141．30万t、总氮（TN）42．07万t、总磷（TP）13．62万t，畜禽粪便及其中的N、P纯养分耕地年负荷值分别为21t／ha、98kg／ha、32kg／ha；畜禽粪便污染物BOD5、CODG和NH3-N产生量分别为：383．43、435．42和42．08万t，按30％流失率计，COD。和NH3-N流失量均超出工业及生活废水排放量之和。【结论】广西畜禽养殖业对土壤环境影响较小，但对水体环境已构成严重威胁。

Based on the investigation of pollutant production and discharge from a typical scale pig farm in Zhejiang Province at three pig growth stages (piglets, fattening pigs, and sows) in the autumn and winter 2007 and the spring and summer 2008, the coefficients of pollutant production and discharge from the pigs as well as the total annual pollutant production and discharge from the farm were estimated. In the meantime, the annual application amount of animal manure to the farmlands in Zhejiang Province was estimated by using these coefficients and the livestock and poultry inventories in Zhejiang Province in 2007. It was estimated that the total amount of applied animal manure in the Province in 2007 was 2106.8×10 4 t·a -1 , containing 13.57×10 4 t·a -1 of N, 6.7×10 4 t·a -1 of P, 0.11×10 4 t·a -1 of Cu, and 0.20×10 4 t·a -1 of Zn. The pig-manure equivalent farmland carrying capacity in the Province was 16.66 t·hm -2 ·a -1 , and the average alarm limit was 0.37. The application of animal manure in some areas of Zhejiang Province had exceeded the alarm limit for the land carrying capacity, and made a potential environmental threat.

基于对浙江省典型规模养猪场3种不同生长阶段猪(保育猪、育肥猪和母猪)在2007年秋冬季和2008年春夏季的产排污调查，测算了3种猪的产排污系数和猪场的年产排污量，并据此及浙江省2007年各种畜禽存栏量普查结果，估算了浙江省畜禽养殖业年粪便农田施用量.结果表明： 2007年，浙江省畜禽养殖业年粪便农田施用量为2106.8×10 4 t，其中，总氮13.57×10 4 t、总磷6.7×10 4 t、铜0.11×10 4 t、锌0.20×10 4 t；全省耕地猪粪当量负荷量为16.66 t·hm -2 ·a -1 ，负荷量警报值平均为0.37.浙江省部分地区的畜禽粪便施用量已超出了农田负荷量，对周围环境构成了潜在威胁.

摘　要： 长江三角洲是我国经济最发达的地区之一，随着经济的高速发展，区内地表水环境迅速趋于恶化。研究发现，畜禽粪便流失污染地表水的现象已成为本区郊县(区)最大的有机污染源和最引入注目的非点源污染问题之一。以地处长江三角洲地区的上海、苏锡常、杭嘉湖和宁绍地区为例，结合当地畜禽饲养量，采用各类畜禽的粪便及其污染物的排泄系数，估算了畜禽粪便的污染负荷当量。从现行的政策法规、饲养基地的布局和利用情况等方面分析了近年来本区畜禽污染严重的原因。提出要加强畜禽粪便的综合治理力度，制订畜牧业污染防治法，完善和配套畜禽粪便的综合治理设施，实现畜禽粪便的资源化、减量化、无害化和生态化，形成布局合理、设施先进、清洁生产、达标排放的长江三角洲畜牧业生产新格局。

通过对畜禽粪便年排放量的估算方法和畜禽粪便排泄参数的确定,估算了我国畜禽养殖业粪便产生量并对由此产生的环境效应进行了评价.结果表明,2003年我国畜禽养殖业共产生31.90亿t粪便,是当年工业产生固体废物的3.2倍;畜禽粪便及其中的氮、磷纯养分平均耕地负荷分别为24t/hm2, N 107kg/hm2和P 29kg/hm2.部分地区的畜禽养殖业已经对当地环境构成了污染.

摘　要： 基于政策环境评价理论，分析与畜禽养殖业产业发展、污染防治等政策相关的全国畜禽养殖业污染排放、散户饲养模式下畜禽粪便排放、畜禽粪便的土地负荷等基本现状；总结我国畜禽养殖业污染防治存在的主要问题和政策驱动因素。借鉴国外畜禽养殖业污染防治管理的经验，建议将畜禽养殖业污染防治纳入更多国家层面的法律，提高地方相关法规的可操作性，完善财政补贴、税收优惠等激励机制，将畜禽养殖业污染防治融入相关的环境治理重大项目中。

20世纪70年代以来,中国重要的湖泊和河流水域如五大湖泊、三峡库区、滇池、白洋淀、南四湖、异龙湖等氮、磷富营养化问题急剧恶化.研究结果表明,在中国水体污染严重的流域,农田、农村畜禽养殖和城乡结合部的生活排污是造成水体氮、磷富营养化的主要原因,其贡献率大大超过来自城市生活污水的点源污染和工业的点源污染.20世纪80年代初以来,在各重要流域菜果花(蔬菜、水果、花卉)播种面积增加了4.4倍.菜果花种植为新型产业,农民并未掌握合理的施肥技术.由于种植效益高,菜农为了追求效益,超高量使用氮、磷肥料,单季作物化肥纯养分用量平均为569～2000 kg·ha-1,为普通大田作物的数倍甚至数十倍,成为水体富营养化的主要潜在威胁之一.与此同时,农村养殖产业带的发展,使得一些地方畜禽养殖产生的氮、磷数量剧增,最大已达到1721 kgN·ha-1和639 kgP2O5·ha-1,大大超过了农田可承载的安全负荷,成为各大水域的重要污染源.而城乡结合部地带缺少排污管网等基础设施,加上这一地带城区快速扩张,使之成为城区面源污染的主要来源.分析结果还显示,尽管中国农业面源污染的程度已十分严重,然而,各主要驱动因素仍然有增无减,进入21世纪初,中国农业面源污染对水体富营养化的影响将进一步加剧,农业和农村发展引起的水污染将成为中国可持续发展的最大挑战之一.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in animal manure may complex with Cu and facilitate its transmission to the soil solution and groundwater. The aim was to investigate the spectroscopic characterization of DOM isolated from pig, cattle manure and their composts using 3DEEM technology (the three-dimentional excitation emission matrix fluorescence), and to reveal the influence of composting process on DOM complexation with Cu by fluorescence quenching titration. The results showed that protein-like fluorescence peaks, including tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like peaks, were present in all DOM of pig and cattle manure. In addition to protein-like fluorescence peaks, humic-like fluorescence peak was also observed in cattle manure DOM. The fluorescence of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like peak in DOM extracted from pig manure declined significantly after composting, at the same time, the humic-like fluorescence peak was observed in the compost although it did not exist in fresh pig manure. Similar to the pig manure, tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like peaks of cattle manure were not distinguishable after composting, meanwhile, the intensity of humic-like fluorescence peak stimulated by UV excitation had significantly increased. Moreover, subtle decrease in fluorescence of humic-like peak stimulated by visible excitation and a red shift of peak position were observed in comparison with the fresh cattle manure. Fluorescence quenching experiment indicated that the manure composts were characterized by the smaller binding capacities compared to the fresh manure. It was suggested that composting process may change compositions of manure DOM, with an elevated concentration of humic acid and fulvic acid, therefore may decrease the mobility and availability of DOM-Cu in animal manure.

畜禽粪便中溶解态有机质（DOM）易与Cu发生络合，从而促进其向土壤溶液和地表水体中迁移。该文对比分析堆肥前后猪粪和牛粪DOM三维荧光光谱特征变化，并通过荧光猝灭滴定法研究了堆肥对猪粪和牛粪中DOM与Cu络合的影响。研究发现，未经堆腐的猪粪和牛粪DOM中均存在较强的类蛋白荧光峰，包括类酪氨酸峰和类色氨酸峰；除了类蛋白峰，牛粪DOM中还出现了类腐殖质荧光峰。经过堆肥后，猪粪DOM中类酪氨酸峰和类色氨酸峰强度显著减弱，并在可见光激发区域出现类腐殖质峰；与猪粪堆肥类似，牛粪堆肥后类酪氨酸峰和类色氨酸峰也隐没不现，在紫外激发区域出现类腐殖质峰，同时可见光激发区的类腐殖质峰荧光强度减弱，位置发生红移。荧光猝灭试验结果显示，猪粪和牛粪堆肥后与Cu络合容量显著降低。因此，堆肥后改变了畜禽粪便DOM组成，生成大量胡敏酸和富里酸物质，从而降低畜禽粪便中DOM-Cu络合物的迁移性和生物可利用性。

As composting is a common agricultural practice of preparing the manure for farmland application, understanding fate and behavior of the residual antibiotics in the manure under composting will help environmental risk assessment of antibiotics. Swine manure was composted under four different modes of aeration, including natural ventilation, pile-turning, mechanical aeration, pile-turning plus mechanical aeration. Changes in temperature of the piles and germination index were monitored during the composting process. Potential influences of aeration mode, external temperature and initial antibiotic concentration on removal efficiency of four commonly-used veterinary antibiotics (sulfamethazine, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline and tiamulin) were examined in detail. Results indicate that the aeration mode of pile-turning plus mechanical aeration promoted maturity of the compost, as evidenced by the highest pile temperature (63 o C) and the longest duration of high-temperature period (4 d above 60 o C). Most of the antibiotics were degraded in the temperature-rising phase and the high-temperature phase of the manure composting process.The degradation rate increased with the temperature, associated with aeration mode. The initial concentration of 100 mg•kg -1 of all the four  antibiotics did not retard much the process of composting mode. After 28 d of high-temperature composting, the concentration of sulfamethazine, oxytetracycline,chlortetracycline,and tiamulin dropped remarkably from 100 mg•kg -1 to 1.90, 7.20, 6.64 and 8.75 mg•kg -1 , respectively.

在人工控制条件下进行高温堆肥，考察不同通风方式对堆体温度、发芽指数等堆肥腐熟指标的影响，研究堆肥过程对磺胺二甲嘧啶（SMN）、土霉素（OTC）、金霉素（CTC）和泰妙霉素（TIA）这4种常见畜用抗生素的去除效率。结果表明，翻堆+机械通风的方式可以促进堆肥腐熟进程，提高堆体最高温度并延长堆体高温阶段持续时间。抗生素的去除主要发生在堆体升温及高温阶段，且去除效率随着堆体最高温度的升高而提高。在4种抗生素添加量均为100 mg•kg -1 条件下，堆肥腐熟进程未受到较大影响。经过28 d的高温堆肥，SMN、OTC、CTC和TIA的残留量分别为1.90、7.20、6.64和8.75 mg•kg -1 。