June every year in China is the right season for harvest of wheat,and also the period when straw burning takes place seriously in some part of the country.In June 2007,straw burning was monitored with the aid of the technology of satellite remote sensing.With some city cited as a case for study,impact of straw burning on environmental air quality was analyzed,taking into account the meteorological data of the region.Results show that straw burning happens mainly in winter wheat production area,especially the North China Plain,where the number of straw burning sites accounted for 86.9% of the country’s.Within the month of June,straw burning occurred mainly in the first half of the month,accounting for 87.3% of the total in the month.Correlation analysis shows that change in the number of straw burning sites coincided with the change in air pollution index of the buffer area between 700 and 800 km around,with a correlation coefficient being 0.54.When meteorological conditions are not favorable for dispersion of air pollutants,straw burning will significantly affect the air quality.

每年6月是我国小麦收割的主要时节,也是秸秆焚烧发生的严重时期。利用卫星遥感技术监测2007年6月全国秸秆焚烧状况,并以某市为例,结合气象资料分析秸秆焚烧对环境空气质量的影响。研究结果表明,秸秆焚烧主要分布在冬小麦生产区,华北平原是秸秆焚烧集中区域,火点数占全国的86.9%;秸秆焚烧主要发生在6月上半月,火点数占全月的87.3%。相关分析表明,该市700、800km范围缓冲区内火点数变化趋势与空气污染指数有较好一致性,相关系数均达0.54,当秸秆焚烧发生在不利于污染物扩散的气象条件下时,将导致空气质量明显下降。

The study analysed the characterization of air pollution during summer straw burning in Nanjing in 2011 based on the data of air quality automatic monitoring and the component of PM2.5, and discussed the rapid identification indicator and method of air pollution caused by straw burning. The results indicated that air pollution was characterized by fine particles with an abnormal high level of water soluble potassium (K+) and elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC). By using aerosol water soluble ions and carbon online monitoring technology, the variation of K+ and OC and EC concentrations and the comparison of PM2.5from straw burning and PM2.5in air can be taken as the rapid identification indicator and method of air pollution caused by straw burning.

利用南京空气自动监测数据及PM2.5组分监测结果，分析了2011年夏收秸秆焚烧期间大气污染特征，并探寻快速判别秸秆焚烧影响的指标及方法。结果表明：秸秆焚烧期间PM2.5污染特征显著，其组分中K+、EC、OC等浓度相对偏高。基于离子组分及碳元素在线监测数据，可选取K+作为快速判别指标，并根据K+与PM2.5的相关性，计算秸秆焚烧对PM2.5的贡献。同时结合OC、EC浓度变化，综合判别秸秆焚烧对空气质量的影响程度。

摘　要： 研究秸秆还田对水稻产量及土壤理化性状的影响,结果表明,在中等肥力田块进行秸秆还田,配施适当比例化肥,水稻增产效果明显;并能改善土壤理化性状,增加土壤有机质和氮、磷、钾有效养分,达到培肥地力,提高土壤耕地质量目的。

为研究秸秆还田对耕地质量和稻麦产量的影响,于2010-2015年在泰州市姜堰区张甸镇(高砂土)和沈高镇(勤泥土)布置周年定位试验,测定土壤肥力指标和稻麦产量.试验结果表明:无论是高砂土还是勤泥土,在秸秆还田与化肥施用共同作用下,土壤全N、速效P和速效K含量与空白以及单施化肥处理相比均有不同程度的提高,而且土壤容重显著下降;与单一施用化肥处理相比,两种土壤的有机质含量均显著增加.3年后秸秆与化肥配施处理的稻麦产量均比单施化肥处理的产量显著提高,且在高砂土上对稻麦增产效果的表现时间以及增产幅度均高于勤泥土.因此,长期的秸秆与化肥配合施用对提高耕地质量和稻麦产量起着十分重要的作用.

在我国稻麦两熟地区,秸秆利用难度最大的是小麦秸秆,由于麦秸价格低,收获季节紧,同时作为水旱轮作的小麦秸秆还田给稻田整地、插秧等带来很多困难,因此大多农民为了图省事,只好一把火一烧了之.

摘　要： 结合近年来测土配方施肥工作的开展,就江苏省江都市稻麦秸秆还田主要方式及其对耕地质量及产量的影响进行了连续3年的研究。研究表明,实行秸秆还田一般都能增加土壤有机质含量,提高耕地质量、农作物产量和品质,坚持常年秸秆还田,不但在培肥阶段有明显的增产作用,而且后效十分明显,有持续的增产作用。

Effects of continuous wheat and rice straw returning on the content of different soil nitrogen forms and the composition of soil organic matter(SOM) were investigated in a 4-year field experiment. Five treatments included no straw returning and no fertilizer application(CK), straw returning without fertilizer application(S), straw returning with fertilization 1(SF1, C/N:12:1), straw returning with fertilization 2(SF2, C/N:18:1), and straw returning with fertilization 3(SF3, C/N:24:1). Compared with CK, content of SOM, soil total nitrogen and soil organic nitrogen increased by 7.8%, 10.6% and 10.9%, respectively, whereas soil inorganic nitrogen content decreased by 17.1% in treatment S. The content of soil total nitrogen, organic nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen in the SF2 treatment was 27.2%,27.2% and 25.7% higher than those in CK, respectively. Straw returning increased C% and N% of SOM and soil organic matter content, but decreased the ratios of C/N, H/C and O/C in SOM. FTIR analysis revealed that the signal intensities of 1650~1640 cm -1 and 3400 cm -1 of straw returning treatments were strengthened, demonstrating that the amounts of nitrogen compounds, alcohols, phenols and carboxylic acids in SOM increased. The strengthened signal intensity at 2920 cm -1 indicated an increase in the content of aliphatic compounds in SOM. Compared with CK, rice yields decreased by 8.8% in straw returning treatment with no fertilizer applied(S), but increased by 12.6%,22.7%,and 19.1% in SF1, SF2, and SF3 treatments,respectively. These findings indicate that wheat and rice straw returning increased the amounts of soil organic matter, soil total nitrogen and soil organic nitrogen, but decreased soil inorganic nitrogen and the ratios of C/N and C/H of SOM. Furthermore, straw returning elevated the content of soil organic nitrogen, such as amides and aromatic nitrogen in SOM, which are ready for crop utilization, while it lowered the amount of soil inorganic nitrogen including NH 4 + and NO 3 - .

通过4年田间定位试验,研究小麦-水稻轮作方式下秸秆还田对土壤有机质组成及不同形态氮含量的影响.试验设置不施秸秆不施肥对照(CK)、秸秆还田不施肥(S)、秸秆还田+基肥增施N肥45 kg·hm -2 (SF1,C/N=12:1)、秸秆还田+基肥正常N肥施用量(SF2,C/N=18:1)、秸秆还田+基肥减施N肥45 kg·hm -2 (SF3,C/N=24:1)共5个处理.结果表明:与对照处理(CK)相比,秸秆还田不施肥处理(S)使土壤有机质、全氮和有机氮的含量分别增加7.8%、10.6%和10.9%,而使土壤中无机氮的含量减少17.1%;秸秆还田配施不同化肥处理中,当碳氮比为18:1时,土壤全氮、有机氮和无机氮含量最高,分别比对照处理增加27.2%,27.2%和25.7%.元素分析结果显示,秸秆还田S、SF1、SF2、SF3处理土壤全量有机质(SOM)中的碳、氮元素含量均有所增加,同时SOM中的C/N、H/C和O/C比值都下降.红外光谱结果表明,秸秆还田S、SF1、SF2、SF3处理,在1650~1640 cm -1 和3400 cm -1 处的峰强度增加,表明土壤有机质中含氮基团、酚羟基、羟基或羧基含量增加;2920 cm -1 处的吸收峰增强,表明SOM中脂肪族结构增加,芳香性增强.与对照处理(CK)相比,秸秆还田不施肥(S)处理的当年水稻产量下降8.8%;配施化肥后,SF1、SF2、SF3处理水稻实际产量分别比对照(CK)处理增加12.6%、22.7%、19.1%,且当碳氮比为18:1时,增产效果最为明显;单独秸秆还田提高了土壤有机质含量,降低了其碳氮和氢碳比例,使SOM中脂肪族化合物增加,酰胺结构和芳香性增强,同时提高了土壤全氮和有机氮的含量,减少了土壤无机氮含量.

Study was carried out on Fluvo aquic soil of low fertility coming from Huanghe River plain for 14 years. The results show that the long term returning straw to soil changes soil properties. Soil organic matter, soil porosity, availible N,Zn,Fe,Mn and enzyme are all positively related to the amount of straw applied remarkably, while soil specific weight is negatively correlative. These indexes are affected by climate, plant growth seasons and soil texture, etc. The result of combination use of straw and fertilizer is better.

以山东省黄河冲积平原低肥力潮土为供试土壤。14年缸栽定位试验结果表明,长期秸秆还田改善了土壤的理化性状。土壤有机质、孔隙度、速效氮、锌、铁、锰、酶活性等理化指标与秸秆还田量呈显著正相关;与土壤容重呈负相关;并与气候、作物生长季节、土壤质地等因素有关。秸秆还田与化肥配施改土培肥效果更佳

从20世纪80年代开始,分别在江苏常熟和江西进贤布置长期定位试验,研究秸秆还田对乌栅土及红壤性水稻土土壤肥力的影响.结果表明:无论是乌栅土还是红壤性水稻土,秸秆与化肥配合施用下,土壤全N、全P、速效P和速效K含量与不施肥的CK处理相比显著提高;另外,红壤性水稻土的秸秆还田土壤全N、全P、速效P含量与单一施用化肥处理相比显著提高(P＜0.05).同样,上述两种土壤的土壤有机质含量较单一施用化肥的处理显著增加,而且从腐殖质的组分分析可知:腐殖酸C、胡敏酸C与富里酸C的比值均显著提高,表明土壤有机质品质得以改善.因此,长期的秸秆与化肥配合施用是提高土壤肥力的有效措施之一.

对秸秆还田长期田田试验的前3季产量结果和1年后土壤农化性状进行分析.结果表明,江汉平原稻一麦两熟制下.秸秆在下李作物上原位还田,并辅以快速腐解茵,能明显提高作物产量,尤其是在与化肥配合施用时.其增产量随着秸秆还田量增加而增加;同时秸秆还田还能提高土壤有机质舍量,并能改善土壤的速效钾和速效磷的供应能力,秸秆原位还田及快速腐解是一项很好的提升土壤肥力的技术.

Effects of different returnning amount of maize straw on soil fertility and yield of winter wheat was studied using randomized block design. The results showed that straw returning can increase soil organic matter content and reduce soil total nitrogen loss, enhance the capacity of soil microbial fixing and supplying C and N,increase C/N, and change the distributionof soil microbial community. Higher soil microbial C/N and redistribution of original soil microbial community was propitious to the soil organic transformation and mineralize carbon decomposition, as consequence, improve the soil nutrient supply. Our results indicate that under condition of study area, applying N 138 kg/ha, combined with returnning amount of maize straw 9000 kg/ha can enhance soil fertility and increase yield by 7.47%,significantly.

通过田间随机区组设计试验，研究了不同玉米秸秆还田量对接茬麦田土壤碳、氮肥力及冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明，秸秆还田可以增加土壤有机质和缓解土壤氮流失，提高土壤微生物碳、氮的固持和供给效果，增加土壤微生物量C/N，提高土壤供肥水平。从不同玉米秸秆还田量的效应对比与回归分析，进一步明确在黄土高原有灌溉条件的地区，施N 138 kg/hm 2 ，玉米秸秆还田量9000 kg/hm 2 ，能有效提高土壤肥力，可使接茬冬小麦显著增产7.47%。

上海城市园林土壤的阳离子交换量(CEC)多集中在10～20 cmol/kg,与土壤的理化性质:有机质、pH、黏粒含量、体积质量、通气孔隙度都存在极好的相关关系,能够综合反映土壤的肥力水平、保肥能力和缓冲能力.在城市绿地土壤的综合评价中应加入CEC这一评价指标.上海土壤CEC的控制标准可定在≥14 cmol/kg.

【Objectives】 Straw return is an effective way to recycle straw resources, improve soil fertility and increase crop yields. The amount of straw return affects the soil labile organic carbon pool, soil enzyme activity and crop yields in different extent, so it is meaningful to study the suitable straw returning amount for best yield and soil fertility efficiencies. 【Methods】 A field trail with a random block design was carried out in rice-wheat rotation farmland with three replicates. There were totally seven treatmentsin the trail: non-straw return in both rice and wheat season(CK), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of total straw from previous crop returned in rice or wheat season, and 100% of straw returned only in rice or wheat season. Both the rice and wheat yields were investigated and the soil labile organic carbon pool and enzyme activity were measured. 【Results】1) Compared to the CK, straw return could improve the contents of soil labile organic carbon fractions and soil enzyme activities, and increase both yields and their components of rice and wheat. 2) The highest soil total organic carbon (TOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) contents are turned out with the straw return proportion of 50% in both rice and wheat seasons, and the highest soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), labile organic carbon (LOC) and carbon pool management index (CPMI) are in proportion of consecutive 25% . 3) The consecutive 25%of total rice and wheat straw return induces the mostsignificantly soil urease, catalase and sucrase activities. 4) Both the yields of rice and wheat in the treatments of consecutive 25% and 50%of rice and wheat straw return are significantly higher than in CK, with the increases of 9.0% and 11.45%, respectively. 5) Thecorrelations among soil carbon pool, soil enzyme activities and the crop yields are significant. 【Conclusions】Under the condition of this experiment, the consecutive returning of 25% and 50% of the rice and wheat straw could significantly increase soil carbon sink capacity, and improve the crop yields in short term.

【目的】秸秆还田作为一种有效的秸秆处理方式不仅能够提高土壤肥力，增加作物产量，还可以缓解农田生态压力。研究稻麦轮作系统下不同秸秆还田量对土壤活性有机碳库、酶活性和作物产量的短期影响，可为提出适宜当地生产的秸秆还田量提供理论依据。【方法】利用稻麦轮作农田定位试验进行了研究。采用随机区组设计，设7个处理，以稻麦季秸秆均不还田为对照处理(CK)，6个不同秸秆还田量处理。测定了秸秆还田后土壤活性有机碳库和土壤酶活性的变化，稻麦产量以及三者之间的相关关系。【结果】 1)与秸秆不还田处理相比，试验范围内的秸秆还田量能在一定程度上提高土壤活性碳组分的含量和土壤酶活性，并能增加水稻和小麦的产量及其构成因素;2)土壤总有机碳和微生物生物量碳的含量随着秸秆还田量增加，增幅呈先增大后减小的趋势，以连续两季50%秸秆还田量处理下显著较高，而水溶性有机碳、活性有机碳含量和碳库管理指数在连续两季25%秸秆还田量处理下最高;3)相比秸秆不还田处理，连续两季25%秸秆还田量对土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性的影响均最显著;4)水稻和小麦的产量均为在连续两季25%和50%秸秆还田量处理下增产较显著，与秸秆不还田相比，水稻增产达9.0%，小麦增产达11.45%;5)土壤碳库、土壤酶活性以及水稻和小麦产量之间均存在显著相关。【结论】在本试验条件下，连续两季25%和50%秸秆还田量表现出显著提高土壤碳汇能力和增加作物产量的优势。

为确定秸秆还田方式对白浆土土壤养分及作物产量的影响，试验设置了普通翻耕的对照处理以及秸秆覆盖还田、心土还田和秸秆焚烧的3种还田方式。3年的试验结果表明：在耕层部分(0~20 cm)，普通翻耕处理区土壤氮素和有机质含量测定值最低，而土壤磷素和钾素含量最高；在白浆层(20~40 cm)，秸秆心土还田处理的土壤碱解氮、全氮、有效磷、全磷和有机质含量最高；在淀积层(40~60 cm)，不同秸秆还田方式，氮素、磷素和有机质含量变化差异较小，钾素表现为土壤下层含量比表层高。两年的数据显示秸秆心土还田处理大豆产量最高，说明秸秆心土还田对土壤地力提升效果明显，利于大豆增产。

[目的]研究不同麦(Triticum aestivum Linn.)秸秆还田量对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)生产的影响。[方法]供试水稻品种为南粳44(早熟晚粳)、扬粳4227(早熟晚粳)。采用裂区试验设计,设南粳44和扬粳4227为2个主区,主区内均设对照(无秸秆还田)、半量麦秸秆还田、全量麦秸秆还田3个裂区处理。[结果]在基肥、分蘖肥以及穗肥一致的前提下,随着麦秸秆还田量的增加,水稻前期分蘖起步越迟,茎蘖数、叶面积指数、干物质积累量、单位面积穗数均低于对照,但中后期叶面积指数、干物质积累量、单位面积穗数均呈相反趋势;水稻每穗粒数、千粒重、结实率以及产量随秸秆还田量的增加呈上升趋势;并且秸秆还田后土壤中有机质、碱解氮和全氮含量均高于对照以及试验前的土壤养分水平。[结论]该研究可为大面积秸秆还田种植水稻提供理论依据。