近年来，随着化肥的大量投入，水稻产量不断增加，但随之也出现了肥料利用率下降，农业面源污染，土壤地力不平衡，种植成本增加及效益下降等问题。如何在保持水稻产量不降低，又能够减少或避免以上不良后果，一直是当前研究工作的重点。由于稻田施肥具有很强的地域性，在一个地区获得的试验数据，有时很难适用于另一地区。浙中地区是我国一个重要水稻产区，掌握该地区的施肥状况，对于优化该地区的施肥行为，具有重要的指导意义。 　　过量施氮现象在全国比较普遍，目前有很多关于减氮增效的研究，但少有涉及浙中地区的报道。有关施肥对水稻产量、养分利用率、米质... 展开 近年来，随着化肥的大量投入，水稻产量不断增加，但随之也出现了肥料利用率下降，农业面源污染，土壤地力不平衡，种植成本增加及效益下降等问题。如何在保持水稻产量不降低，又能够减少或避免以上不良后果，一直是当前研究工作的重点。由于稻田施肥具有很强的地域性，在一个地区获得的试验数据，有时很难适用于另一地区。浙中地区是我国一个重要水稻产区，掌握该地区的施肥状况，对于优化该地区的施肥行为，具有重要的指导意义。 　　过量施氮现象在全国比较普遍，目前有很多关于减氮增效的研究，但少有涉及浙中地区的报道。有关施肥对水稻产量、养分利用率、米质及土壤肥力影响的研究报道很多，然而多数只是1-2年的短期研究，因此只能作为合理施肥的初步指导。长期定位试验因其既可以记录过去又可以预示未来，可以提供大量的数据信息，因而受到特别关注。迄今已有很多有关水稻长期定位试验的研究报道，但多数是双季稻或者稻麦轮作，鲜有涉及单季稻。当前浙中地区主要以种植单季稻为主，但几乎没有关于该地区单季稻长期定位肥料试验结果。 　　本论文将试验地点设置在位于浙中地区的永康市，在单季稻上研究了不同施氮量对水稻产量、氮肥利用率及水质的影响，长期施用氮磷钾肥对水稻产量、养分利用率及经济效益的影响，长期施用氮磷钾肥对土壤肥力及米质的影响，同时开展水稻缓控释复合肥施用技术试验与示范。主要研究结果如下： 　　1.将施氮量由农民常规的270 kg/hm2降至180 kg/hm2时不会导致籽粒产量的显著下降，但可以显著提高REN、AEN和PFPN。因此可以考虑将施氮量维持在180 kg/hm2左右。施氮量增加会使田面水及渗漏水中铵态氮、硝态氮及全氮浓度显著升高。铵态氮是田面水中氮的主要形态，施肥后的5-7天其浓度会维持在相对较高的水平。因此，这段时间是控制径流降低氮素流失的关键时期。硝态氮是渗漏水中氮的主要形态，其在最高施氮量315 kg/hm2时的浓度仅为2.7 mg/L，所以几乎不会对地下水造成不利影响。由“线性加平台”模型推断出获得最高产量时的施氮量约为176 kg/hm2，其占传统施氮量的65％。 　　2.长期施用氮、磷、钾肥可以显著提高籽粒产量，且3种肥料配施的增产效果显著优于任意两种肥料配施;其对籽粒产量的作用顺序为N＞K＞P。N3P2K2处理产量最高，为8900kg/hm2。水稻养分总吸收量和100kg籽粒养分需求量随施肥量增加而增加，肥料表观利用率及农学利用率则随施肥量增加而下降。每生产100kg籽粒需吸收N1.47kg、P2O50.60 kg、K2O2.49 kg。氮、磷、钾肥吸收利用率分别为25.2％、38.3％和36.0％。N2P2K2、 N2P3K2、N2P2K1和N3P2K2处理的经济效益较高，比N0P0K0处理分别提高21.1％、20.3％、20.3％和22.4％，差异达显著水平。利用肥料效应方程，得出该地区获得最高产量的磷(P2O5)和钾(K2O)肥施用量分别为39.3 kg/hm2和100.8 kg/hm2。 　　3.长期施用氮磷钾肥条件下，土壤pH无显著变化;休耕期有助于土壤有机质含量的提高，各处理土壤有机质含量平均增加14％左右;各处理土壤全氮含量平均提高9.6％;与试验开始前相比，土壤有效磷和速效钾含量均显著下降，从维持土壤肥力的角度来讲，应当将磷钾肥的“2”水平做适当提高。施氮可提高稻米胶稠度、蛋白质含量和总氨基酸含量，降低碱消值;施磷可提高蛋白质含量;施钾可提高胶稠度、碱消值及蛋白质含量;氮、磷、钾肥的施用对直链淀粉含量均无显著影响。 　　4.与常规施肥处理相比，施用等养分控释复合肥处理(控释肥100％)的产量提高了6.2％，稻米垩白粒率和碱消值分别显著下降了8.6％和2.4％，经济效益提高了7.5％。当将控释肥用量减少20％时（控释肥80％），水稻产量和经济效益均出现下降趋势，但与常规施肥处理相比无显著差异。两年的试验结果表明，控释肥100％处理的施用效果最佳，即当缓控释肥(20-10-18)施用量为775 kg/hm2时，可以获得最佳种植效益。 　　5.利用持续6年的“3414”肥料试验所获得施肥参数及经验，以及2012年缓控释肥小区试验结果，2013年在永康市对两种缓控释复合肥(20-10-18)和(23-11-12)作了大面积推广示范。与当地常规施肥相比，施用缓控释肥水稻产量可提升5％左右，产量增加约500 kg/hm2，按水稻销售均价2.1元/kg计算，增收达1050元/hm2，节工150元/hm2。无论在产量上还是在综合经营成本上，选用的缓控释复合肥都优于当地常规肥料。 收起

Fertilizer use plays an important role in crop production to ensure food security in China. At the same time, the relatively low nutrient use efficiency resulted in negative impact on environment quality. Therefore, scientific use of nutrient resources and improvement in fertilizer use efficiency is an important scientific issue rated to national food security and environment quality. This review paper discussed China’s basic situation with large population, limited arable land, relatively low land productivity and fragile ecosystem, analyzed fertilizer demand to meet the rapid increase in crop production, overviewed current use of organic and inorganic nutrient resources, and revealed N loss from chemical fertilizer application and its impact on environment. Based on deep understanding of the existing problems and great challenge China is facing, the authors proposed a new fertilizer recommendation strategy-“regional fertilizer rate control with adjustment at field level”, developed regionalized nutrient management for small size farm operation system and precision fertilization for large scale farm operation. The current situation and existing problems in slow/controlled release fertilizers and in organic nutrient resources were also discussed. For sustained increase in crop production to support food security and to protect the environment, the technic strategy was proposed, including increase of land productivity, improvement of all nutrient resources using advanced science and technology, realization of regionalized fertilizer recommendation based on land productivity. Favorable policies and continuous financial support to fertilizer related science and technology development was also suggested.

肥料在保障我国粮食安全中起着不可替代的支撑作用，同时化肥养分利用率低又产生了对环境的不良影响。因此用好肥料资源、提高肥料利用效率是关系到国家粮食安全和环境质量的重大科技问题。本文实事求是地分析了我国人多、地少、耕地质量差、农田生态环境脆弱的基本国情和肥料领域面临的严重挑战；对国家种植业发展对肥料的需求，有机养分和化肥利用现状和问题、农田中化学氮肥的损失及其对环境的影响等问题进行了较为全面地综述；提出了“区域用量控制与田块微调相结合”的推荐施肥的理念和技术路线；形成和发展了适合分散经营和规模经营的分区养分管理和精准施肥技术体系；同时对新型肥料和有机养分资源在我国研究应用的现状和存在的问题进行了分析评述。在此基础上，提出了提高耕地综合生产能力、依靠科技进步高效利用肥料资源、按照增产潜力做好施肥区域布局等技术政策，建议针对肥料科学技术的发展形成稳定的政策支持和保障。

Nutrient use efficiency is an important index not only for fertilizer recomm endation on the field scale but also for forecasting fertilizer demand on the regional and national scales,however,exact nutrient use efficiencies of the major cereal crops in China are not well known yet.In this paper,data from 1 333 field experiments were collected and used for analysis and evaluation of partial factor productivity(PFP),agronomic efficiency(AE),apparent recovery efficiency (RE)and physiological efficiency(PE)of these crops.Results show that AE N of rice,wheat and maize was 10.4 kg kg -1 ,7.99 kg kg -1 and 9.80 kg kg -1 ,respectively,and RE N of rice,wheat and maize was 28.3%,28.2% and 26.1%,respectively,obviouslymuch lower than the world's average,whichis attributed to over-use of chemical fertilize,rignorance of contribution of nutrients from the environment and the soil, failure to bring crop yield potential into full play, and inability to inhibit nutrient losses effectively.

总结了近年来在全国粮食主产区进行的1 333个田间试验结果,分析了目前条件下中国主要粮食作物水稻、小麦和玉米氮磷钾肥的偏生产力、农学效率、肥料利用率和生理利用率等,发现水稻、小麦和玉米的氮肥农学效率分别为10.4 kg kg -1 、8.0 kg kg -1 和9.8 kg kg -1 ,氮肥利用率分别为28.3%、28.2%和26.1%,远低于国际水平,与20世纪80年代相比呈下降趋势。造成肥料利用率低的主要原因包括高产农田过量施肥,忽视土壤和环境养分的利用,作物产量潜力未得到充分发挥以及养分损失未能得到有效阻控等。要大幅度提高肥料利用率就必须从植物营养学、土壤学、农学等多学科联合攻关入手,充分利用来自土壤和环境的养分资源,实现根层养分供应与高产作物需求在数量上匹配、时间上同步、空间上一致,同时提高作物产量和养分利用效率,协调作物高产与环境保护。

我国水稻生产氮肥用量大，氮肥利用率低。大量N素从稻田流失进入环境，对环境生态构成潜在威胁。经与IRRI协作，为金华双季稻区创立了适地养分管理新技术（SSNM）。SSNM的施肥综合考虑了当地的气候条件，水稻品种在潜在产量和养分需求，土壤固有养分的供应能力，养分利用效率和平衡养分供应，以及社会经济效应等。同农民常规施肥相比，在产量略有增加的同时，SSNM可以显著提高氮肥利用率，平均减少氮肥用量约30％，从源头上遏制了氮肥引起的面源污染，多年的田间试验表明，SS-NM具有广大稻区推广的前景。

Field experiment was conducted in paddy soil to determine the relationship between N release from controlled release fertilizer and N uptake by rice plants N release rate of controlled release fertilizer was higher during the early growing period of rice, but gradually decreased with time The cumulative N release reached about 80% of the total N content of fertilizer at around 70 day after application or when cumulative air temperature had reached about 2000℃ Nitrogen uptake from the fertilizer followed a cubic curve Therefore, the fertilizer can meet the N requirements of two line system late hybrid rice throughout the whole growing period There were lower N concentrations of the water and hardly any algae observed in the plots where controlled release fertilizer applied Higher urea N and ammonium N concentration of the water in the paddy field after urea applied indicates the greater N losses from NH 3 volatilization and denitrification As high as 72.3% in late rice of fertilizer N were recovered by the rice plant at harvest (grain+straw) with the 70 day type controlled release fertilizer Controlled release fertilizer increased efficiency of nitrogen use and minimized environmental pollution

研究了田间条件下控释肥料氮的释放速率与水稻吸收氮量之间的关系。结果表明 ,控释肥料氮的释放速率在水稻生育前期高 ,但随着时间的进程而逐渐降低。水稻从 70日型控释肥料中吸收的氮遵循三次曲线 ,因此 70日型控释肥料能够满足水稻本田生长期对氮的需要。施用控释肥料的水层含氮量极低 ,且无可见的水藻生长 ;而施尿素的水层则尿素N和NH 4 + -N含量高 ,水藻活动繁茂 ,滞留于水层的肥料氮 5～ 6d内迅速地降至无氮对照水平 ,氨的挥发损失和氮的反硝化损失大。控释肥料氮的利用率高达 72.3% ,比尿素高出 36.5个百分点。

Nitrogen release experiments and field experiments were conducted to study release characteristics of the controlled release fertilizer(CRF) coated with hydrophobic material(organic macromolecule polymer) and its effect on rice yield as compared to common urea fertilizer(CUF).The results show that nutrient release of the CRF in water met the requirements for controlled-release.Compared with the CUF,the CRF significantly increased the contents of alkalytic N(ALR-N) and NH 4 + -N in the paddy soil,facilitating N uptake by the roots of rice.There was no difference in total biomass of the rice plants between the different nitrogen treatments,but the results of two years' field experiments show that the grain yield of the rice in the CRF treatments was 10%~40% greater than that in the CUF treatments.Especially,the CRF,applied at a rate only 1/3 of the rate of the CUF,also increased the grain yield of rice by 15.1% in 2003.Under the local paddy field conditions,the results proved that the nitrogen use efficiency of CRF was up to 51.2% in 2002.The CRF showed its advantages of controlling release of N nutrient,promoting N uptake by the rice,increasing grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency,and reducing nitrogen application rate.

采用浸水释放试验和水稻田间试验方法研究了疏水性材料有机高分子聚合物包膜控释氮肥的释放特征,并以普通氮肥作对照研究了包膜控释氮肥对水稻的增产效应.研究结果表明,包膜控释氮肥养分释放达到了控释效果;与普通氮肥相比,施用控释氮肥有效提高了稻田土壤中碱解氮和铵态氮含量,促进了水稻植株和根系对氮素的吸收利用;两种处理的水稻总生物量差异不显著,但是在籽粒产量上,控释氮肥各处理两年的试验结果均比普通氮肥增产10%~40%,尤其是控释氮肥施用量为普通氮肥1/3时仍有增产效果,2003年高达15.1%;在当地稻田条件下,2002年控释氮肥氮素利用率最高达到了51.2%.采用疏水性包膜材料有机高分子聚合物包膜的控释氮肥比普通氮肥具有控制释放、促进水稻吸收氮素养分、提高籽粒产量和肥料的当季利用率与降低施肥量的优越性.