Production outsourcing services, factor allocation, and agricultural production efficiency

doi:10.16178/j.issn.0528-9017.20250021

Abstract

Abstract:

Production outsourcing services is a fundamental approach and important mechanism for achieving organic integration between small farmers and modern agriculture. This article describes the relationship between production outsourcing services, farmer factor allocation, and agricultural production efficiency by establishing a theoretical model, and explains the impact mechanism of production outsourcing services on farmer factor input and agricultural production efficiency. We quantitatively evaluate the impact of production outsourcing services on farmers' factor inputs and agricultural production efficiency using data from the 2020-2021 China Land Economic Survey. Research has found that production outsourcing services significantly improve farmers' land productivity and agricultural total factor productivity, and the robustness test conclusion still holds true. Production outsourcing services significantly reduce agricultural labor time input by replacing labor with capital, thereby improving agricultural production efficiency. At the same time, production outsourcing services can improve agricultural production efficiency by increasing the intensity of fertilizer input. Further heterogeneity analysis revealed that production outsourcing services have a more significant impact on the efficiency of small farmers with a business scale of less than 0.67 hm². Compared with technology intensive outsourcing services, labor-saving outsourcing services can significantly improve the production efficiency of farmers. Therefore, we will eliminate obstacles to the development of agricultural production outsourcing services, promote the effective connection between the supply of production outsourcing services and the production needs of farmers, and provide policy references for accelerating the organic connection between small farmers and modern agriculture and improving farmers' production efficiency.

Key words: production outsourcing services, factor allocation, land productivity, total factor productivity in agriculture

CLC Number:

F326.1

LIU Shuyun, HAN Jiabin, ZHANG Hui. Production outsourcing services, factor allocation, and agricultural production efficiency[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, 2026, 67(1): 260-270.

Figures/Tables 10

References 21

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类型	变量名称	变量测度	均值	标准差
因变量	土地生产率^*	单位土地面积粮食产量(kg·hm^-2)	8 046.83	1 933.35
	全要素生产率	运用SFA方法测算	0.81	0.14
核心自变量	生产外包服务	农户是否参与农业生产外包服务(1=是,0=否)	0.83	0.38
中间变量	化肥施用强度^*	单位面积化肥投入量(kg·hm^-2)	1 040.10	444.83
	农药施用强度^*	单位面积农药费用(元·hm^-2)	1 541.55	1 236.30
	劳动力投入^*	单位面积劳动力投入时间(d·hm^-2)	300.90	534.60
农户特征变量	年龄	家庭经营决策者实际年龄(岁)	61.04	9.98
	年龄的平方	年龄的平方/100	38.26	11.74
	性别	家庭经营决策者性别(1=男,0=女)	0.85	0.36
	文化程度	家庭经营决策者受教育年限(年)	7.03	3.69
	健康状况	1=无劳动能力,2=差,3=中,4=良,5=优	3.97	1.05
	技术培训	是否参与农业技术培训(1=是,0=否)	0.34	0.47
	风险偏好	1=较大,2=中等,3=较小	2.72	0.56
	时间偏好	1=注重当下收益,2=兼顾当下及未来收益,3=注重未来收益	1.67	0.72
	补贴^*	种植业补贴(元)	3 160.55	22 353.90
地块特征变量	作物类别	1=水稻,0=玉米	0.79	0.41
	耕地面积^*	最大地块的面积(hm²)	0.20	0.30
	坡度	1=平地,0=其他	0.93	0.26
	土壤类型	1=沙土,2=壤土,3=黏土,4=其他	2.27	0.91
	灌溉条件	1=能灌溉,0=不能灌溉	0.89	0.31
	土壤肥力	0=差,1=中,2=好	1.36	0.63
	耕地修复情况	是否对耕地污染治理修复(1=是,0=否)	0.06	0.24
	受灾情况	该地块是否受灾(1=是,0=否)	0.29	0.45

类型	变量名称	变量测度	均值	标准差
因变量	土地生产率^*	单位土地面积粮食产量(kg·hm^-2)	8 046.83	1 933.35
	全要素生产率	运用SFA方法测算	0.81	0.14
核心自变量	生产外包服务	农户是否参与农业生产外包服务(1=是,0=否)	0.83	0.38
中间变量	化肥施用强度^*	单位面积化肥投入量(kg·hm^-2)	1 040.10	444.83
	农药施用强度^*	单位面积农药费用(元·hm^-2)	1 541.55	1 236.30
	劳动力投入^*	单位面积劳动力投入时间(d·hm^-2)	300.90	534.60
农户特征变量	年龄	家庭经营决策者实际年龄(岁)	61.04	9.98
	年龄的平方	年龄的平方/100	38.26	11.74
	性别	家庭经营决策者性别(1=男,0=女)	0.85	0.36
	文化程度	家庭经营决策者受教育年限(年)	7.03	3.69
	健康状况	1=无劳动能力,2=差,3=中,4=良,5=优	3.97	1.05
	技术培训	是否参与农业技术培训(1=是,0=否)	0.34	0.47
	风险偏好	1=较大,2=中等,3=较小	2.72	0.56
	时间偏好	1=注重当下收益,2=兼顾当下及未来收益,3=注重未来收益	1.67	0.72
	补贴^*	种植业补贴(元)	3 160.55	22 353.90
地块特征变量	作物类别	1=水稻,0=玉米	0.79	0.41
	耕地面积^*	最大地块的面积(hm²)	0.20	0.30
	坡度	1=平地,0=其他	0.93	0.26
	土壤类型	1=沙土,2=壤土,3=黏土,4=其他	2.27	0.91
	灌溉条件	1=能灌溉,0=不能灌溉	0.89	0.31
	土壤肥力	0=差,1=中,2=好	1.36	0.63
	耕地修复情况	是否对耕地污染治理修复(1=是,0=否)	0.06	0.24
	受灾情况	该地块是否受灾(1=是,0=否)	0.29	0.45

变量		化肥施用强度/ (kg·hm^-2)	农药施用强度/ (元·hm^-2)	劳动力投入/ (d·hm^-2)	土地生产率/ (kg·hm^-2)	全要素生产率	农户数量	农户数量占比/%
农户参与生产外包服务环节数量	0	973.13(480.75)	1 666.50(1 317.90)	464.25(798.30)	7 662.00(1 992.00)	0.776 1(0.18)	321	17.01
	1	1 034.33(478.73)	1 570.65(1 834.50)	295.05(445.65)	8 418.38(2 486.25)	0.831 0(0.13)	330	17.49
	2	1 076.93(480.75)	1 557.00(883.80)	248.55(384.60)	8 171.78(1 628.25)	0.825 7(0.13)	562	29.78
	3	1 044.08(405.15)	1 476.00(1 080.45)	243.45(478.50)	7 917.68(2 010.00)	0.800 1(0.15)	365	19.34
	4	1 051.43(396.23)	1 479.00(1 116.60)	276.15(523.65)	8 006.33(1 404.75)	0.826 3(0.10)	217	11.50
	5	997.13(404.03)	1 350.75(936.75)	356.55(598.50)	7 901.10(1 663.50)	0.795 6(0.13)	92	4.88

变量		化肥施用强度/ (kg·hm^-2)	农药施用强度/ (元·hm^-2)	劳动力投入/ (d·hm^-2)	土地生产率/ (kg·hm^-2)	全要素生产率	农户数量	农户数量占比/%
农户参与生产外包服务环节数量	0	973.13(480.75)	1 666.50(1 317.90)	464.25(798.30)	7 662.00(1 992.00)	0.776 1(0.18)	321	17.01
	1	1 034.33(478.73)	1 570.65(1 834.50)	295.05(445.65)	8 418.38(2 486.25)	0.831 0(0.13)	330	17.49
	2	1 076.93(480.75)	1 557.00(883.80)	248.55(384.60)	8 171.78(1 628.25)	0.825 7(0.13)	562	29.78
	3	1 044.08(405.15)	1 476.00(1 080.45)	243.45(478.50)	7 917.68(2 010.00)	0.800 1(0.15)	365	19.34
	4	1 051.43(396.23)	1 479.00(1 116.60)	276.15(523.65)	8 006.33(1 404.75)	0.826 3(0.10)	217	11.50
	5	997.13(404.03)	1 350.75(936.75)	356.55(598.50)	7 901.10(1 663.50)	0.795 6(0.13)	92	4.88

变量	被解释变量:土地生产率		被解释变量:全要素生产率
变量	模型1	模型2	模型3	模型4
生产外包服务	0.061^**(0.024)	0.058^** (0.025)	0.035^***(0.011)	0.032^***(0.011)
年龄	0.002 (0.006)	0.002 (0.006)	0.002 (0.003)	0.001 (0.003)
年龄的平方	-0.000 (0.005)	-0.000 (0.005)	-0.000 (0.002)	-0.000 (0.002)
性别	-0.001 (0.021)	0.006 (0.021)	0.003 (0.009)	0.002 (0.009)
文化程度	0.004^** (0.002)	0.003 (0.002)	0.001 (0.001)	0.001 (0.001)
健康状况	0.011 (0.007)	0.013^* (0.007)	0.005 (0.003)	0.007^** (0.003)
技术培训	0.031^** (0.015)	0.013 (0.015)	0.014^** (0.007)	0.006 (0.007)
风险偏好	-0.024^** (0.010)	-0.020^* (0.010)	-0.010^** (0.005)	-0.007 (0.005)
时间偏好	-0.012 (0.010)	0.016 (0.010)	-0.006 (0.005)	-0.007 (0.005)
补贴	-0.000 (0.002)	0.001 (0.003)	0.002^* (0.001)	0.002^* (0.001)
作物类别	0.239^***(0.025)	0.300^***(0.041)	0.114^***(0.011)	0.153^***(0.017)
耕地面积	0.073^***(0.014)	0.039^***(0.015)	-0.006 (0.010)	-0.029^***(0.011)
坡度	0.031 (0.022)	0.004 (0.023)	0.021^* (0.012)	-0.004 (0.013)
土壤类型	-0.003 (0.008)	0.005 (0.010)	-0.002 (0.004)	0.002 (0.005)
灌溉条件	0.066^* (0.037)	0.062^* (0.037)	0.050^***(0.016)	0.047^***(0.016)
土壤肥力	0.035^***(0.011)	0.032^***(0.010)	0.017^***(0.005)	0.014^***(0.005)
耕地修复情况	0.064^***(0.023)	0.047^** (0.023)	0.030^***(0.012)	0.023^* (0.012)
受灾情况	-0.084^***(0.016)	-0.082^***(0.016)	-0.031^***(0.007)	-0.032^***(0.007)
常数项	6.422^***(0.176)	6.414^***(0.179)	0.546^***(0.084)	0.566^***(0.082)
年份固定效应	是	是	是	是
个体固定效应	否	是	否	是
调整后R²	0.212	0.243	0.228	0.270
样本量	1 715	1 698	1 715	1 698