This study aims to explore the effects of one-time basal combined application of resin-coated controlled-release urea and conventional urea on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of indica-japonica hybrid rice. Using Xiuyou 6（Jiashan）and Yongyou 1540（Fuyang）as test materials，three nitrogen treatments were set up：0N，no nitrogen fertilizer was applied throughout the growth period，only phosphorus and potassium were applied；LFP（control），representing the conventional fertilization practice of local farmers，where conventional urea was used as the nitrogen source with a nitrogen application of 200 kg·hm^-2 pure nitrogen；PCU，where resin-coated controlled-release urea and conventional urea were used as the nitrogen source with a nitrogen application rate reduced by 20% compared with LFP（equivalent to 160 kg·hm^-2 of pure nitrogen），and applied as a one-time basal mixed application. The results showed that there was no significant difference in yield between the two indica-japonica hybrid rice treated with PCU and LFP treatment at the two test sites. However，the PCU treatment significantly（p<0.05）improved agronomic nitrogen use efficiency，partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer，yield utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer，and nitrogen harvest index，while reducing two rounds of topdressing. Compared with LFP，PCU treatment significantly reduced the effective panicle number during rice maturity，while there was no significant difference in the number of grains per spike，but the seed setting rate and 1 000 grain weight were significantly increased. In conclusion，compared with the conventional fertilization practice of local farmers，a one-time basal combined application of resin-coated controlled-release urea and conventional urea offers stable yields，labor savings，and increased efficiency，demonstrating potential for wider adoption.

A field experiment was conducted in southern Zhejiang to investigate the effects of different fertilization methods on double-cropping rice yield，nitrogen use efficiency，and soil fertility. Four treatments were established：no nitrogen fertilizer （T1），conventional nitrogen application （T2），20% nitrogen reduction （T3），and 20% nitrogen reduction combined with organic fertilizer （T4）. Results indicated that compared with T1，treatments T2，T3，and T4 increased early rice yield by 47.6%-58.5% and late rice yield by 46.0%-52.5%. Compared with T2 treatment，T3 treatment showed no significant difference in the yield of early rice，late rice，and total yield，whereas T4 treatment significantly increased early rice yield，with no significant difference in late rice yield or total yield. In terms of nitrogen uptake，no significant difference was observed between T3 and T2 treatments in grain，straw，or total nitrogen uptake for both early and late rice. T4 treatment significantly increased straw and total nitrogen uptake in early rice than those of T2 treatment，as well as grain and total nitrogen uptake in late rice. Nitrogen use efficiency for both early and late rice in T3 and T4 treatments was significantly higher than that in T2 treatment，with T4 treatment being significantly higher than T3 treatment. Compared with T2 treatment，T4 treatment significantly increased soil pH value，total nitrogen，and available phosphorus content，while no significant changes were detected in soil available nitrogen，organic matter，or available potassium content. Therefore，combining 20% nitrogen reduction with organic fertilizer （T4 treatment） can maintain rice yield while improving nitrogen use efficiency and soil fertility.

The late japonica rice variety Xiushui 121 was developed by Jiaxing Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Zhejiang Province through hybridization of Xiushui 134//Xiushui 134/GF6. It was approved by Shanghai Main Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2015（Hushendao2015005）and has been introduced and promoted in four provinces including Zhejiang Province（Zheyinzhong2017001），Anhui Province（Wanyindao2018117），Hubei Province（Eyinzhong2019087），and Jiangsu Province（Suyinzhong2020036），demonstrating wide adaptability. This variety has the characteristics of moderate growth period，green stem at maturity，strong stress resistance，excellent grain quality，stable yield performance，and high productivity. It is widely used in branded high-quality rice processing and the "Five-Excellence Linkage" contract grain production program，and has been consecutively listed as a leading crop variety in Zhejiang Province for six years（2019-2024）. This paper summarizes the breeding process，characteristics，high-yield cultivation techniques，and promotion and extension of Xiushui 121.

Fertilizer application is crucial for achieving stable and high yields in rice. To investigate the effects of different fertilization strategies on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency，a field experiment was conducted in this study. Four treatments were established：one-time basal application of slow-release blended fertilizer （H），basal application of slow-release blended fertilizer combined with silicon-containing panicle fertilizer at the booting stage （HG），basal application of rice formula fertilizer with split topdressing of urea and lodging-resistant panicle fertilizer （PK），and basal application of rice formula fertilizer with split topdressing of urea as both tillering and panicle fertilizers （PN）. Indicators such as rice yield and partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer under different fertilization strategies were systematically measured. The results showed that the partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer of treatment H （44.45 kg·kg^-1） was significantly （p<0.05） higher than that of the other treatments. In terms of yield，treatment H （10.00 t·hm^-2） was second only to treatment PN （10.54 t·hm^-2），and both were significantly higher than treatments HG （8.99 t·hm^-2） and PK （8.32 t·hm^-2）. In conclusion，the one-time basal application of slow-release blended fertilizer not only maintains stable rice yield but also significantly improves nitrogen use efficiency，demonstrating promising application potential.

Sweet-waxy maize is a new type of fresh-eating maize pioneered in China. It combines the flavor advantages of both sweet and waxy maize，offering a sweet and waxy texture，and has gained strong market popularity in recent years，becoming a key development direction in the fresh maize industry. Since 2010，the Dryland Crops Breeding Team of Wenzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences has been engaged in germplasm innovation and variety breeding of sweet-waxy maize. Using the heterozygous recessive homozygous hybrid method （waxy maize × sweet-waxy maize） and through multi-year field phenotypic selection as well as evaluations of grain sugar content and eating quality，the team successfully bred the sweet-waxy maize cultivar Wenkenuo 2. This cultivar exhibits high and stable yield，strong combining ability，short growth period，and excellent quality. It participated in the spring waxy maize comparative trials from 2018 to 2019，the Southeast China Fresh Waxy Maize Consortium regional trials from 2021 to 2022，achieving an average yield of 1 161.15 kg per 667 m²，a 21.61% increase compared with the control，and obtained national approval in 2023. This paper systematically describes the breeding process，characteristics，and corresponding cultivation techniques of Wenkenuo 2，aiming to provide technical guidance for its future promotion.

Based on the monitoring data of provincial-level farmland quality monitoring points in Dongyang City from 2014 to 2022，this study analyzed the changing trends of maize yield and soil fertility under the background of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer，and clarified the effect of organic fertilizer application on maize yield and soil fertility. The monitoring results over 10 consecutive years showed that by optimizing fertilization，with an additional application of 260 kg of commercial organic fertilizer per 667 m²，the application amounts of chemical nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were reduced by 19.1%，14.3% and 27.3% respectively；and the maize yield increased，with an average annual increase of 74.9 kg per 667 m²，and an increase rate of 11.0%. At the same time，the application of organic fertilizer can，to a certain extent，inhibit soil acidification，increase soil organic matter，total nitrogen，available phosphorus and available potassium contents，improve crop nutrient absorption and fertilizer utilization efficiency，and thus achieve the goal of reducing chemical fertilizer application while increasing efficiency. The results of this study provided a theoretical basis for the substitution of organic fertilizer for chemical fertilizer in maize production in this region，which was conducive to promoting the sustainable production of maize.

In order to determine the effects of seed soaking time and seedling emergence temperature on the growth of rice seedlings，Yongyou 1540 and Xiushui 134 were used as test materials，and three seed soaking time were set for each of the two varieties：Yongyou 1540（T1，soaking 24 h；T2，soaking 48 h；T3，soaking 48 h + pregermination 24 h），Xiushui 134（T4，soaking 48 h；T5，soaking 72 h；T6，soaking 72 h + pregermination 24 h），and three seedling emergence temperatures（24 ℃，28 ℃，32 ℃）. The effects of different treatments on coleoptile length，embryo thickness，seedling height，leaf age，stem base width，root length，above-ground dry matter accumulation were systematically compared. The results showed that appropriately increasing the emergence temperature and extending the soaking time of seeds were beneficial to improving the emergence rate and the quality of seedlings. However，the emergence temperature and soaking time had a relatively small impact on the coleoptile length，embryo thickness，and the fullness of the seedlings. The results of this study provides theoretical support for the selection of seed soaking time and emergence temperature of rice seeds.

To investigate the differences in lodging resistance among japonica rice varieties in the Taihu Lake region and their relationship with yield components，four varieties—Nanjing 46，Huruan 1212，Ningxiangjing 9，and Yangnongjing 1218 were selected to compare their stem mechanical characteristics，internode morphology，plant height structure and yield composition at the mature stage under identical cultivation conditions. The results showed that the breaking strength and bending stress of Nanjing 46 and Ningxiangjing 9 were relatively high，indicating greater potential for resisting lodging. The stem diameter and wall thickness of Yangnongjing 1218 and Ningxiangjing 9 were larger，and the internode fullness was higher. The plant height and center of gravity height of Nanjing 46 and Ningxiangjing 9 were relatively low，showing better lodging resistance. Besides，the yield of Yangnongjing 1218 and Ningxiangjing 9 was relatively high. Although Yangnongjing 1218 showed favorable morphological traits，its tall plant architecture increased lodging risk. Overall，Nanjing 46 and Ningxiangjing 9 exhibited a desirable balance between lodging resistance and yield，suggesting their suitability as stable and lodging-resistant japonica rice varieties for cultivation in the Taihu Lake region.

To investigate the effects of polysuccinimide （PSI） application rate on crop yield in the summer maize-winter wheat rotation system in north China，a field experiment was conducted over two consecutive years （four growing seasons） using summer maize （Zhengdan 958） and winter wheat （Jimai 38） as test materials. Different PSI application rates were set as treatments to systematically analyze their impacts on the yields of both crops. The results showed that PSI application in the first growing season significantly（p<0.05） increased the yields of both crops during the initial three consecutive seasons. PSI enhanced maize yield primarily by increasing kernel number per ear，and improved wheat yield by increasing the number of effective panicles. Under conventional fertilization，the effective duration of PSI was 22-23 months at application rates of 6.0-12.0 kg·hm^-2，and extended to 24 months when the rate was increased to 18 kg·hm^-2. Considering the stability of the fertilization effect，soil microbial activity，and other factors，it is recommended to apply PSI at 6.0-12.0 kg·hm^-2 simultaneously with seeds during the summer maize sowing period each year.

To investigate the effects of 1，8-naphthalene dicarboxylic anhydride（NA）on the scavenging rate of superoxide anion radicals and hydroxyl radicals，as well as the antioxidant rate in tobacco leaves under quinclorac stress，K326 flue-cured tobacco was used as the material. A pot experiment was conducted by spraying NA at the eight-leaf stage，with three treatments established：normal treatment（normal soil + clean water），stress treatment（stressed soil + clean water），and NA reparative treatment（stressed soil + NA）. The results showed that the scavenging rate of free radicals and the antioxidant rate in tobacco leaves increased with prolonged treatment. The order of scavenging rates of superoxide anion radicals，hydroxyl radicals，and antioxidant rates was as follows：normal treatment > NA reparative treatment > stress treatment. This study showed that NA treatment promoted free radical scavenging in tobacco leaves under quinclorac stress，thereby having a certain reparative effect on tobacco.

This study adopted a split zone experimental design，with the main factors being B1 ditch irrigation and B2 drip irrigation，and the secondary factors being A1 spraying with clean water，A2 spraying with potassium fertilizer，and A3 spraying with potassium fertilizer and sucrose fatty acid esters. The effects of the interaction between irrigation method and potassium fertilizer on growth of flue-cured tobacco and agronomic traits，appearance quality，physical characteristics，chemical composition and sensory quality of tobacco leaves were studied. The results showed that after 75 days of transplantation，the maximum leaf area of tobacco significantly（p<0.05）increased by 23.20% and 21.42% under the ditch irrigation method of spraying with potassium fertilizer and spraying with potassium fertilizer and sucrose fatty acid ester treatments compared with spraying with clean water. When transplanted for 105 days，the plant height of tobacco significantly increased by 6.14% and 4.57% under the ditch irrigation method of spraying with potassium fertilizer and spraying with potassium fertilizer and sucrose fatty acid ester treatments compared with spraying with clean water. Under the drip irrigation method，the potassium chloride ratio of tobacco sprayed with potassium fertilizer and sucrose fatty acid ester significantly increased by 121.72% compared with spraying with clean water. Regardless of the irrigation method，tobacco leaves sprayed with potassium fertilizer and sucrose fatty acid esters had more oil content，better appearance quality，loose leaf structure，and better maturity. In summary，under the ditch irrigation method，spraying with potassium fertilizer and sucrose fatty acid ester treatment can promote the growth of tobacco. Under the drip irrigation method，spraying with potassium fertilizer and sucrose fatty acid ester treatment can improve the quality of tobacco leaves.

In order to screen out differently salt-tolerant sweetpotato materials，15 sweetpotato varieties （lines） were selected as experimental materials. The effects of salt stress on the physiology and biochemistry of sweetpotato were analyzed by determining the activity of antioxidant enzymes，photosynthetic parameters and expression of related salt stress response genes. The results showed that under 200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl treatment，superoxide dismutase （SOD） activities，malondialdehyde （MDA） content and the Na⁺/K⁺ of different sweetpotato varieties increased significantly compared with the control，yet net photosynthetic rate，transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were significantly decreased. The expression levels of IbSOS1，IbNHX1 and IbAKT1 genes in 15 varieties （lines） were significantly higher than those in control，while IbHKT2；1 in those showed the opposite trend. Meanwhile，the ultrastructure demonstrated that the cell wall was thin and missed，the mitochondrial structure was seriously damaged，the chloroplast structure was deformed，the grana lamella was reduced，and the internal starch granules were enlarged. Based on the above results，the salt tolerance of the 15 varieties （lines） could be divided into three categories. Xushu 18，ZNLSP2017-1-9 and ZNLSP2017-5-20 were identified salt-tolerant. The second category included ZNLSP2017-1-8，ZNLSP2017-1-12，ZNLSP2017-1-16，ZNLSP2017-1-39，ZNLSP2017-2-10，ZNLSP2017-5-11，Xinxiang，Zheshu 132 and Zheshu 75，which were identified moderately salt-sensitive. ZNLSP2017-2-12，Ningzishu 8 and Zhezishu 3 were identified salt-sensitive. This study can provide germplasm resources for the salt-tolerant breeding and theoretical basis for the evaluation of salt-tolerant sweetpotato during seedling stage.

In the rice-rapeseed rotation area of northern Jiangxi region，the harvest of rice is constantly delayed due to the pursuit of high yield and high quality，which leads to the inability of rapeseed sowing in proper season. In order to screen rapeseed varieties suitable for late sowing in the rice-rapeseed rotation area of northern Jiangxi region，meet production demand，and accelerate the promotion of excellent rapeseed varieties with late sowing resistance，the experiment was carried out on 23 winter rapeseed varieties collected in the typical rice-rapeseed rotation area in November 2023. The results showed that Jinyouza 9，Qingza 9，Ganyouza 10 and Xunyou 10 yielded more than 110 kg per 667 m²，had strong resistance to late sowing and stress，and were suitable for spreading planting in northern Jiangxi region.

In order to targeted improve the resistance of flue-cured tobacco variety Qushou 1 to tobacco mosaic virus （TMV），Qushou 1 was used as the improved material，and the TMV-immune variety Va770 was used as the donor parent. Through hybridization，backcrossing，molecular markers combined with phenotypic screening，TMV-immune homozygous lines TMV-3 were obtained. The agronomic traits of TMV-3 were basically consistent with Qushou 1. Inoculation identification results indicated that the resistance of TMV-3 was immune to TMV. After TMV treatment，compared with Qushou 1，TMV-3 accumulated less reactive oxygen species，and the expression of TMV positive regulatory genes NtRAR1，NtNTF4，NtPR1 a，NtHAK1 and NtSGT1 were higher，negative regulatory gene TMV-CP was lower in leaves. In addition，the resistance of TMV-3 to black shank decreased. This study demonstrated that TMV-3，Qushou 1 directional improved line，was immune to TMV，and other traits were basically consistent with Qushou 1，which provided a material basis for the targeted improvement of virus disease resistance of Qushou 1.

In order to find out the effect of soil particle size composition on the quality of flue-cured tobacco in western Henan and its internal relationship，the typical tobacco planting soil and flue-cured tobacco in western Henan were selected as the study objects. The characteristics of soil particle composition and flue-cured tobacco quality were analyzed，and the relationship between soil particle composition and flue-cured tobacco quality was studied，so as to provide the basis for the regulation of tobacco soil in western Henan. The results showed that：1）The proportion of soil particle size>0.01 mm was as high as 93.06%，and the whole soil was sticky；2）The appearance quality，conventional chemical composition，physical characteristics and sensory evaluation quality of flue-cured tobacco in western Henan were good，the average value of comprehensive availability index was 0.71，and the coefficient of variation was small；3）The composition of soil particle size had an important impact on the quality of flue-cured tobacco，the proportion of soil particle size >0.01 mm was significantly positively correlated with tobacco appearance quality index，flammability，gray and comprehensive availability index. In terms of tobacco growing area in western Henan，the proportion of soil particle size >0.01 mm can be increased through appropriate soil cultivation and improvement measures，which is beneficial to the improvement of comprehensive quality of flue-cured tobacco.

In order to explore the rapid cutting propagation technology system of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum，this study took Tetrastigma hemsleyanum from Zhejiang genuine regional drug as the test material. A four-factor，three-level orthogonal design was employed，considering different hormone types （A），hormone concentrations （B），dipping time （C），and substrate types （D）. Grey correlation analysis method was used to analyze the effect of these factors on cuttage rooting of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum. The results showed that different hormone and substrate treatments had a significant （p<0.05） effect on cuttage rooting of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum. The rooting rate of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum under different treatments ranged from 51.76% to 85.31%. Among the nine treatment groups，treatment 9 （A3B3C2D1） exhibited the highest rooting rate while treatment 3 （A1B3C3D3） showed the lowest rooting rate. Correlation analysis indicated that rooting rate was positively correlated with average number of roots，average root length，root fresh weight，and rooting effect index，and the correlation between rooting rate and rooting effect index reached a significant level. Grey correlation analysis showed that the treatment with the highest correlation coefficient was treatment 4 （A2B1C2D3），which was the optimal combination of soaking 100 mg·L^-1 NAA for 10 minutes and mixed substrate （river sand，peat，perlite volume ratio of 1∶1∶1） for cuttage rooting of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum.

To investigate the effects of different processing methods on the content of marker components in Fritillaria thunbergii and their correlation with antiviral activity in vitro，this study determined the contents of peimine and peiminine in samples of F. thunbergii cultivars Zhebei 1，Zhebei 2，and Zhebei 3 processed by different methods using high-performance liquid chromatography. Meanwhile，the antiviral activity in vitro of each sample was evaluated by measuring the inhibitory rate of the extracts on neuraminidase. Multivariate analytical methods，including principal component analysis（PCA）and cluster analysis，were employed to systematically interpret the quality variations of F. thunbergii. The results indicated that the peimine content ranged from 0.019 8% to 0.077 8%，while the peiminine content ranged from 0.013 2% to 0.040 4%. Among the different cultivars，the slice-dried processing method consistently yielded the highest levels of marker components. The antiviral potency of the samples varied between 1.446 5 and 10.596 2 U·mg^-1，with an overall trend of freeze-dried F. thunbergii > slice-dried F. thunbergii > shell powder-processed F. thunbergii. PCA and cluster analysis revealed that samples processed by the same method naturally clustered into one group. Correlation analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between peimine and peiminine contents，but no significant correlation was found between the contents of these components and the antiviral activity. The random forest model accurately identified samples processed by different methods. By determining the marker components and antiviral activity of F. thunbergii，this study clarifies the differences in chemical characteristics and in vitro biological activity induced by different processing methods，providing a theoretical foundation for its quality control.

To enrich the melon industry structure in Suqian City，five thick-peeled melon varieties，Xizhoumi 25，Yuanshou，Berger，Paris，and Alus，were introduced in 2022 to identify suitable，high-quality，profitable，and easy-to-manage varieties，reducing the blindness in variety selection. The growth period，biological traits，yield，and quality characteristics of each thick-peeled melon variety were investigated. The results showed that Xizhoumi 25 had the shortest whole growth period（120 d），the largest number of fruit sets（1.70），the largest leaf area（852.00 cm²），and the greatest vertical and horizontal fruit diameters（20.25 and 13.25 cm，respectively）. In addition，it had the largest fruit shape index（1.53），the greatest single-fruit weight（2.65 kg），the highest 667 m² yield（2 700.08 kg），and the highest soluble solid content in the fruit center（17.00%）. Other cultivars showed varying performance across these indicators. In conclusion，Xizhoumi 25 is more suitable for large-scale cultivation and extension in Suqian City，and these findings provide a basis for promoting thick-peeled melon cultivars in Suqian City.

In order to accurately grasp the best time for cross pollination of Asparagus officinalis，the variation law of pollen viability and stigma receptivity of three Asparagus officinalis varieties with good character and dioecious type was studied. The results showed that there were great differences in pollen viability of male flowers and stigma receptivity of female flowers among these Asparagus officinalis varieties. When the sampling time was fixed，the pollen vitality of male flowers of CA FCE2*M256 and Fengdao 1 reached its highest at flowering stage 2 d. At the day of natural flowering，the diurnal variation of pollen viability was different among varieties：CA FCE2*M256 reached its highest value at 08：00，Grande reached its highest value at 16：00，and Fengdao 1 reached its highest value from 12：00 to 14：00. The stigma receptivity of female flowers showed no significant differences among varieties and reached its peak at flowering stage 1 d. It can be concluded that when Asparagus officinalis varieties are used for cross breeding，pollen from male flowers with a certain degree of openness should be selected at an appropriate time to pollinate female flowers at flowering stage 1 d，in order to achieve a higher success rate of pollination.

In order to improve the fruit setting rate for citrus hybridization，two hybrid combinations were prepared with the citrus variety Hongmeiren as the female parent and the citrus varieties Ganping and cocktail grapefruit as the male parents，and the effect of gibberellin spraying period on the quality and fruit setting rate of citrus hybrid fruits was studied. The results showed that for the hybrid combination of Hongmeiren× Ganping and Hongmeiren × cocktail grapefruit，the fruit setting rate of pollination spraying treatment were 43.30% and 46.36%，respectively，which were significantly（p<0.05）higher than those of the control（21.20%，27.44%）and young fruit spraying treatments（23.93%，29.61%）. The fruit solid-acid ratios of pollination spraying treatment of the two hybrid combinations were 26.17 and 26.21，while the fruit solid-acid ratios of young fruit spraying treatment were 23.35 and 24.40，which were significantly higher than those of the control（18.92，21.77）. The results indicated that spraying 50 mg·L^-1 gibberellin within 1-2 h after pollination could significantly improve the fruit setting rate and fruit quality of hybrid fruits，and showed the same promoting effect on the hybrid combination with large differences in pollen viability of male parents. The results showed that it was feasible to spray 50 mg·L^-1 gibberellin within 1-2 h after pollination to improve the fruit setting percentage of hybrid fruits in the process of citrus cross breeding.

In order to determine the optimal application amount of N，P₂O₅，and K₂O for Glycine max （Linn.） Merr. Zhexian 9，a single factor fertilizer efficiency experiment was conducted. The results showed that when the N application amount was 300 kg·hm^-2，the pod yield and total yield were the highest，at 12 400 and 20 950 kg·hm^-2，respectively. When the N application amount was 150-375 kg·hm^-2，the pod yield showed an increasing trend with the increase of N application amount. When the application amount of P₂O₅ was 0，the maximum yield of pods was 12 367 kg·hm^-2. However，when the application amount of P₂O₅ was 0-112.5 kg·hm^-2，pod yield decreased with increasing P₂O₅ application amount. When the application amount of K₂O was 75 kg·hm^-2，the maximum yield of pods was 12 500 kg·hm^-2. When the application amount of K₂O was 75-375 kg·hm^-2，the pod yield showed a decreasing trend with increasing K₂O application amount. Considering pod yield as the primary indicator，this study indicates that the optimal fertilizer application amount for Glycine max （Linn.） Merr. Zhexian 9 are N 300 kg·hm^-2+P₂O₅ 0 kg·hm^-2+K₂O 75 kg·hm^-2.

Zhekuaibai is a seedling-use Chinese cabbage F₁ hybrid developed from the cross between self-incompatible line 26-5-4-5 and 133-2-3-5. It was granted national registration for non-staple crops in April 2024. This cultivar exhibits vigorous growth and rapid development，allowing for sequential harvest approximately 20 days after summer sowing. It boasts excellent marketability and eating quality. The plant has a semi-erect habit，reaching about 30 cm in height. Its leaves are long-obovate with broad-rounded apexes，non-wavy margins，yellow-green color，a flat surface，and a soft texture；the petioles are white and flat. The variety demonstrates strong heat and humidity tolerance，but is susceptible to bolting. It shows high resistance to downy mildew and viral disease，with overall strong disease resistance and wide adaptability.

The cultivation technique for off-season mulberry after summer harvesting integrates various crucial steps，including fertilization after summer harvesting，promotion and control of paclobutrazol，pruning of shoots before spraying with monocyandiamide，and watering at different intervals after spraying with monocyandiamide. This study investigated the changes in nutritional components of off-season mulberry Yueshenda 10 under different cultivation techniques in a two season cultivation mode. The results showed that fertilization，pruning，and watering at different intervals could only have a significant effect on some nutrients or active substances. Overall，the treatment of fertilizing without pruning the shoots is more conducive to improving the nutritional value of mulberry. The secondary growth control treatment with 3 mg?mL^-1 paclobutrazol has a higher cost-performance ratio.

Newly harvested Luffa aegyptiaca seeds exhibit varying degrees of dormancy，which can lead to low germination rates and poor uniformity during agricultural production. In this study，newly harvested seeds of Zhesi 203 and Zhesi 302 were used as experimental materials. Treatments included artificial shell-breaking followed by soaking in water，gibberellin，pectinase，or a combination of pectinase and gibberellin. The germination potential and germination rate of seeds under different treatments were measured to elucidate their effects on seed germination. The results indicated that，compared with untreated seeds，after artificial shell-breaking，the germination potential and germination rate of Zhesi 302 seeds were significantly（p<0.05）improved，and the germination potential of Zhesi 203 seeds was significantly increased. Through analysis of different soaking conditions，it was found that the combination of artificial shell-breaking and 300 mg·L^-1 gibberellin soaking had the best effect on improving the germination potential and germination rate of Zhesi 203 and Zhesi 302 seeds. In conclusion，the combination of artificial shell-breaking and gibberellin soaking could effectively break seed dormancy，improve the germination potential and germination rate of Luffa aegyptiaca seeds，substantially shorten the seedling-raising period，and provide technical support for the intensive seedling production of Luffa aegyptiaca.

Prunus lannesiana cv. Multiplex is currently the preferred rootstock for grafting cherry blossoms in southern China. It is usually propagated through cuttings. During the cutting process，the wound is directly exposed，providing favorable infection conditions for pathogens. It was speculated that immune genes play an important role in root regeneration. This study found that 5 LRR genes were significantly upregulated，4 mitogen activated protein kinase genes were significantly upregulated，and the expression levels of 1 lectin gene and 2 salicylic acid genes were significantly upregulated. By using transcriptome technology to analyze the immune response patterns of P. lannesiana cutting rooting，we aim to understand the role of immune genes in the rooting process of P. lannesiana cutting，and provide a theoretical basis for improving the survival rate of cuttings.

To establish an efficient leaf in vitro regeneration system for Rhododendron molle Nuanyangyang，this study used leaves from sterile plantlets as explants. It systematically compared the effects of three basal media—Woody Plant Medium （WPM），Murashige and Skoog （MS） medium，and 1/2 MS medium，as well as three plant growth regulators—zeatin （ZT），thidiazuron （TDZ），and indole-3-butyric acid （IBA），and leaf placement orientation on adventitious bud induction and proliferation. The effects of different concentrations of IBA and naphthaleneacetic acid （NAA） on root induction were also investigated. The results indicated that WPM was the optimal basal medium for adventitious bud induction. The highest induction rate （77.99%） was achieved with 0.1 mg·L^-1 TDZ and 0.2 mg·L^-1 IBA，while the highest proliferation coefficient （4.18） was obtained with 4 mg·L^-1 ZT and 0.2 mg·L^-1 IBA in WPM. The induction rate was higher with abaxial-side inoculation than with adaxial-side inoculation. The most robust shoots were obtained on WPM with 0.5 mg·L^-1 ZT and 0.5 mg·L^-1 IBA，and the highest rooting rate （98.38%） was achieved on 1/2 WPM containing 0.8 mg·L^-1 NAA. This study provides a technical foundation for the rapid propagation and establishment of a genetic transformation system for new cultivars in Rhododendronmolle.

Fruit flies represent an important group of invasive and quarantine pests that are frequently disseminated through the transportation of fresh fruits and vegetables，resulting in substantial damage to agricultural production in many invaded regions. Consequently，the development and implementation of effective monitoring programs and environmentally sustainable control strategies are imperative. The study evaluated the field-trapping efficacy of six trapping products on Zeugdacus tau and Zeugdacus scutellata，in order to screen out optimal trapping product for green control of fruit flies in Zhejiang Province. The results indicated that sexual lure products exhibit significantly greater trapping efficacy for fruit flies compared with color or food lure products. The ranking of trapping efficacy of four sexual lure products was as follows：Sex Pheromone Sticky Card Trap>Lieying^® Fruit Fly Pheromone Sticky Card Trap>Kangbi^® Trap for male and female adults>Yikeman^® Fruit Fly Trap，and they exhibited stable attraction and a relatively long duration of efficacy. Further attraction tests on Sex Pheromone Sticky Card Trap showed that it could capture a large number of fruit flies， but its attraction to Z. tau was significantly higher than that to Z. scutellata. The attraction of male flies to two species was much higher than that of female flies，with Z. tau male flies capturing 4.8 times more than female flies and Z. Scutellata male flies capturing 18.0 times more than female flies. The Xinxi^® Sex Pheromone Sticky Card Trap exhibited optimal cost-effectiveness， and was recommended for fruit and vegetable flies control. Enhancing the performance of this product and concurrently increasing its attractiveness to female flies is an important research direction for sustainable fruit fly control.

Anthracnose is a common disease on pepper leaves，which can cause plant leaves to wither and fall-off in severe cases，affecting pepper yield and causing certain economic losses. Colletotrichum fungi are important pathogens that cause the withering of pepper branches and leaves. Lyuchun County is the main pepper production area in Yunnan Province，and due to the local humid and hot climate，pepper anthracnose occurs frequently. This study isolated and purified a pathogenic fungus strain H4 from diseased tissues，and determined its pathogenicity. Based on morphological characteristics and the combined construction of internal transcribed spacer （ITS） sequence， Actin gene，and GADPH gene，a phylogenetic tree analysis was conducted，and it was determined that the pathogen causing anthracnose in pepper leaves was Colletotrichum siamense. To our knowledge，this was the first discovery of anthracnose on pepper leaves in Yunnan caused by C. siamense. And the relevant results provide important theoretical basis for the prevention and control of pepper diseases.

"One spray and three preventions" at the wheat panicle stage is the key technology to achieve wheat disease prevention，insect prevention and premature aging. In order to clarify the implementation effect of this technology in the mountainous and hilly wheat area of southeast Zhejiang，Xianju Agricultural Technology Extension Center & Xianju Plant Protection and Quarantine Station carried out experimental demonstrations in Lizhai Village，Tianshi Town，Xianju County in 2023-2024. The results showed that in 2023 and 2024，the control effect of "one spray and three prevention" on wheat scab reached 97.20% and 86.18%，and the yield reached 6 005 and 4 952 kg·hm^-2，which was significantly （p<0.05）better than farmers' self-control treatment and CK. In 2024，the quality of wheat treated with "one spray and three prevention" technology reached the first-class standard，which increased by 2 629.48 yuan·hm^-2 compared with the comprehensive income of farmers' self-control treatment，exhibiting a significant effect on disease prevention and yield increase，which has good promotion value.

Alternaria brown spot （ABS），commonly referred to as citrus brown spot，is an emerging and important fungal disease affecting some mandarins and their hybrids in China. The pathogens can infect all young tissues of susceptible citrus varieties，and their fruit can be infected throughout the entire growth period. This disease often causes massive defoliation，fruit drop，shoot blight，and even causes fruitless on susceptible cultivars if the weather conditions are extremely favorable for the outbreak of this disease. However，to date，no fungicide has been registered for the control of this disease in China. In this study，we evaluated the inhibitory activity on the mycelial growth of two varieties of brown spot disease fungi，field control effect and orchard cleanup treatments effect of different single agents，compound agents of fungicides and fungicide combinations. The results showed that at an active ingredient concentration of 1 μg·mL^-1，the inhibition rates of fludioxonil （single agent），fluxapyroxad-cyflufenamid，pydiflumetofen-fludioxonil，pydiflumetofen-difenoconazole，and azoxystrobin-fludioxonil on mycelial growth all exceeded 90%. Field efficacy trials indicated that pydiflumetofen-difenoconazole exhibited better control effect against ABS，and the control effects of the mixed treatment of pydiflumetofen and fludioxonil，pydiflumetofen and mancozeb were all good，which can effectively reduce the rate of diseased shoots and the number of fallen leaves. In addition，orchard cleanup treatments with Bordeaux mixture and lime sulfur could effectively control ABS and significantly reduce the incidence of diseased shoots. The findings of this study provide data support and theoretical guidance for the selection of fungicides for the management of citrus brown spot.

Jiuquhongmei tea has unique flavor and quality，which is inseparable from the continuous innovation of processing technology. To explore the influence of different degrees of fermentation on the flavor quality of Jiuquhongmei tea，this paper compared the sensory quality and the content of flavor chemical substances of Jiuquhongmei tea produced by four processing techniques with different degrees of fermentation—natural fermentation process，machine fermentation 2 h process （light fermentation），machine fermentation 4 h process （medium fermentation），machine fermentation 6 h process （heavy fermentation）. The results showed that the sensory quality of Jiuquhongmei tea processed by the medium fermentation process of "fermentation for 4 h，fermentation temperature 29 ℃，relative humidity 95%" was better，the color of the soup was slightly darker orange，the taste was sweeter，the aroma was thicker，and the quality of Jiuquhongmei tea processed by light fermentation process and heavy fermentation process was second. Compared with the control （natural fermentation process），the tea polyphenol content of the machine fermentation process was significantly（p<0.05） lower than that of the control. Amino acid，water extract，theaflavin （TF），theaflavin-3-gallate （TF-3-G），theaflavin-3'-gallate （TF-3'-G） and theaflavin-3，3'-gallate （TF-3，3'-G） contents were significantly higher than those of the control group. Moreover，the content of tea polyphenols in the medium fermentation process was significantly lower than that in the light fermentation process. TF，TF-3-G，TF-3'-G and TF-3，3'-G were significantly higher than those of light fermentation process. And there was no significant difference in theaflavins content between medium fermentation process and heavy fermentation process. In conclusion，the medium fermentation process of "fermentation 4 h，fermentation temperature 29 ℃，relative humidity 95%" can significantly improve the flavor quality of Jiuquhongmei tea，and provide theoretical basis for quality control of Jiuquhongmei tea.

To further develop EST-SSR molecular markers suitable for Mytilus coruscus，a large number of SSR loci were obtained using transcriptome sequence information，and the loci information and population genetic diversity were analyzed. The results showed that a total of 134 331 UniGene sequences were obtained by transcriptome sequencing，with a total of 15 988 SSR loci detected，occurring at a frequency of 11.900%，averaging one SSR locus per 4.16 kb. There were a total of 172 types of repeat motifs in intact SSR loci，among which mononucleotide and dinucleotide repeats were the main types，accounting for 83.00% and 11.22% of the total SSR loci，respectively. The A/T motif（80.91%）and AT/AT motif（7.70%）were the main types. A total of 31 125 pairs of SSR primers were designed，and 11 out of 60 randomly selected primers showed polymorphism，accounting for 18.33%. The genetic diversity of the Mytilus coruscus population was analyzed using polymorphic primers，and a total of 39 alleles were detected. The number of alleles（N_a）at each locus was 3-5，and the average observed heterozygosity（H_o），average expected heterozygosity（H_e），and average polymorphic information content（PIC）were 0.33，0.56，and 0.48，respectively. Among them，8 loci deviated significantly（p<0.01）from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The development of these EST-SSR molecular markers can provide effective support for population genetics，genetic relation，gene linkage analysis，genetic diversity assessment of Mytilus coruscus.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of basal diet supplemented with lysozyme on the production performance，viscus weight，serum biochemical indicators，and lipid metabolism indicators of laying hens in the late stage of egg production. Healthy Hyline brown laying hens were randomly divided into four groups at 50 weeks of age，with three replicates in each group and 12 hens in each replicate. Control group was fed with the basal diet，and the experimental groups were fed with the basal diet supplemented with 300，500 and 700 mg·kg^-1 lysozyme，respectively. The pre-trial period lasted for 14 days，and the experimental period lasted for 30 days. The results showed that compared with the control group，the supplementation of 300 and 500 mg·kg^-1 lysozyme significantly（p<0.05）increased the egg production rate of laying hens at 54 and 55 weeks of age，and the average egg weight of 300 mg·kg^-1 lysozyme treatment at 55 weeks of age was also significantly higher than that of the control group. Basal diet supplemented with lysozyme had no significant effect on viscus weight，serum biochemical indicators，and lipid metabolism indicators of laying hens. In conclusion，basal diet supplemented with lysozyme can improve the production performance of laying hens，and the effect is significant after 28 days of supplementation. The optimal dosage for this experiment is 300 mg·kg^-1 lysozyme.

In order to analyze the infection status，virulence gene profiles，and antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic Escherichia coli in diarrhea sheep from a Hu sheep farm，this study conducted bacterial isolation and identification，virulence gene detection and drug susceptibility testing on anal swab samples collected from the affected flock. The results showed that 59 strains of intestinal E. coli were isolated from 80 samples.Among these，44 strains were enteropathogenic E. coli（EPEC），accounting for 74.58% of the isolates；9 strains were enterotoxigenic E. coli（ETEC），accounting for 15.25%；4 strains were Shiga toxin-producing E. coli（STEC），accounting for 6.78%；2 strains were ETEC/STEC hybrids，accounting for 3.39%. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 38 randomly selected pathogenic strains revealed resistance rates to 21 commonly used antibiotics ranging from 7.89% to 100.00%. Resistance to penicillin and erythromycin was the most severe，with both reaching 100.00%. In contrast，the strains were relatively susceptible to ceftiofur and florfenicol，with resistance rates of 7.89% and 13.16%，respectively. A total of 18 strains were classified as multidrug-resistant，accounting for 47.37%. In conclusion，EPEC was the predominant pathogenic E. coli associated with clinical diarrhea in sheep from this farm，and the isolates exhibited widespread and strong antimicrobial resistance. The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for developing rational medication and disease control strategies for the farm and lay a foundation for the scientific diagnosis and targeted treatment of bacterial diarrhea in Hu sheep.

The treatment of discarded aquatic plants is crucial for enabling ecological ditches to effectively intercept agricultural non-point source pollution. Biomass carbonization is a widely adopted method for the resource utilization of straw-type waste. This study selected Thalia dealbata Fraser，a common plant in ecological ditches，as the carbonization material to investigate the adsorption characteristics of biochar prepared under different carbonization temperatures（400，500，600 ℃）and hydrochloric acid modification methods. Material characterization revealed that both increasing carbonization temperature and hydrochloric acid modification significantly promoted pore formation in the biochar. The biochar carbonized at 400 ℃ and modified with hydrochloric acid demonstrated the best adsorption performance for $\mathrm{NO}_3^{-}$-N and $\mathrm{PO}_4^{3-}$，while the biochar carbonized at 600 ℃ and modified with hydrochloric acid showed the highest adsorption capacity for $\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$-N. The biochar derived from Thalia dealbata Fraser exhibits water purification potential，with hydrochloric acid modification proving more effective than increasing carbonization temperature in enhancing adsorption capacity. This study provides technical support for the subsequent resource utilization of aquatic plants in ecological ditches.

Large-scale livestock and poultry breeding will lead to the aggravation of antibiotic residue pollution in the surrounding soil，but the seasonal impact on antibiotics-microorganisms-antibiotic resistance genes（ARGs）in forest soil is still unclear. In this research，forest soils were selected as the study subjects. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and metagenomic technology were used to analyze the antibiotic residues，microbial community structure characteristics，and abundance characteristics of ARGs in soils from both forest land of pig farm and ordinary forest land（CK）during winter and summer. The results showed that the antibiotics in forest soil mainly include tetracycline，norfloxacin，sulfamethoxazole，diclofenac，and chloramphenicol. Antibiotic content generally showed that forest land of pig farm was higher than ordinary forest land，and winter was higher than summer. Compared with ordinary forest land，the microbial community structure at the phylum level in the forest soil of pig farm undergoes significant changes，the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota increased in winter，while the relative abundance of Acidobacteriota and Planctomycetota increased in summer. ARGs in the soil were mainly baca（antimicrobial peptides）and mexf（fluoroquinolones）. The relative abundance of total baca in soil bacteria in forest land of pig farm increased compared with ordinary forest land，with a greater increase in summer than in winter. The resistance mechanisms of soil microorganisms were mainly through antibiotic efflux and antibiotic target alteration，with the former accounting for a larger proportion in ordinary forest land than in forest land of pig farm，and the latter accounting for a larger proportion in forest land of pig farm than in ordinary forest land. Livestock pollution and seasonal changes are key factors in the transmission and contamination of antibiotics and their resistance genes in soil.

To investigate the effects of different soil conditioner dosages on the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated farmland and its impact on pyrethrum cultivation，this experiment adopted a single-factor randomized block design. Treatments included applying 0，50，100，150，and 200 kg of soil conditioner per 667 m²（corresponding to CK，T1，T2，T3，and T4 treatments，respectively）. The results showed that compared with CK，T3 and T4 treatments significantly（p<0.05）reduced soil bulk density，total cadmium content，and available cadmium content，with the T4 treatment showing the best performance，achieving values of 1.19 g·cm^-3，1.52 mg·kg^-1，and 0.62 mg·kg^-1，respectively. Soil pH value was significantly increased in the T2，T3，and T4 treatments，with the T4 treatment again being the most effective，reaching a pH value of 6.28. In terms of pyrethrum cultivation，compared with CK，the T2，T3，and T4 treatments significantly shortened the growth period of pyrethrum，with the T4 treatment performing the best. The plant height and stem diameter in the T4 treatment increased significantly，reaching 91.67 cm and 7.03 mm，respectively. The dry flower yield and output value of pyrethrum were significantly higher in the T2，T3，and T4 treatments，with the T4 treatment achieving the highest values of 184.06 kg and 11 043.38 yuan per 667 m²，respectively. Although soil conditioner did not significantly alter the pyrethrin content，it increased the pyrethrum yield in T2，T3，and T4 treatments，resulting in a significant increase in total pyrethrin yield. In conclusion，applying 200 kg of soil conditioner per 667 m² in heavy metal^-contaminated farmland is beneficial for soil improvement and pyrethrum cultivation.

Shandong Province is a crucial production base for agricultural and livestock products in China，with significant potential for developing integrated crop-livestock eco-circular agriculture. Assessing the distribution of nutrient resources in livestock manure provides a scientific basis for formulating policies on manure utilization and chemical fertilizer reduction in Shandong. Based on statistical yearbooks and literature data，this study estimates the distribution of nutrient resources from livestock manure in Shandong，calculates the nutrient requirements of major crops，and analyzes the potential for replacing chemical fertilizers with manure. The results show that in 2022，the total manure production in Shandong's prefecture-level cities reached 101.793 8 million tons，including 63.704 7 million tons of solid manure and 38.089 1 million tons of urine. After accounting for nutrient losses during collection，storage，and treatment，the total nutrients available from livestock manure were estimated at 0.739 4 million tons，comprising 0.309 2 million tons of N，0.111 8 million tons of P₂O₅，and 0.318 4 million tons of K₂O. If all manure nutrients were fully utilized in farmland，they could meet 20.02% of the nutrient demand of major crops and replace 20.42% of chemical fertilizers applied during the same period. This would reduce the chemical fertilizer application intensity per sown area from 330.24 kg·hm^-2 to 262.80 kg·hm^-2. Nutrient resources from livestock manure vary across different regions of Shandong. Tailored strategies to improve manure utilization efficiency are essential for promoting green and sustainable agricultural development in the province.

The reform of rural collective resource and asset property rights is a crucial measure to deepen rural reforms and stimulate the vitality of the collective economy. Taking Changxing County as an example，this paper integrates modern property rights theory with the practice of rural revitalization. Focusing on the reform of the property rights system of village collective resources and assets，it constructs a theoretical analytical framework of "institutional innovation-resource activation-economic efficiency enhancement". Combining field survey data，the study empirically analyzes the impact of the reform of rural collective resource and asset property rights on the development of the village collective economy. The research shows that through measures such as advancing the "separation of three rights" reform，equity quantification and rights confirmation，and the transformation of operational assets into a shareholding cooperative system，Changxing County has effectively addressed the issues of "ambiguous property rights，lack of clear responsibility，and unfair income distribution" in the development of the traditional collective economy. The reform of rural collective resource and asset property rights has a significant promoting effect on the development of the village collective economy，and this result is robust. Further analysis reveals that the property rights system reform promotes the growth of the village collective economy by activating the market allocation function of rural collective resources and assets and improving resource utilization efficiency. Heterogeneity analysis finds that the impact of collective resource and asset property rights reform is more pronounced in villages with higher levels of rural construction and development，highlighting the importance of rural development.

This study quantitatively assesses spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of agricultural carbon emissions，and their relationship with the agricultural economy，providing scientific support for achieving Chineses dual carbon goals. The carbon emission coefficient method was used to calculate carbon emissions，and ArcGIS software was applied to visualize the spatial distribution patterns of agricultural carbon emissions and their intensity. The Tapio decoupling model was employed to analyze the elastic relationship between agricultural carbon emissions and the agricultural economy，revealing their dynamic changes. The results incidated that from 2010 to 2021，agricultural carbon emissions in the southwestern region generally declined. Fertilizers，as the primary carbon emission source，accounted for an average of 68.65%. Spatially，carbon emissions exhibited a pattern of high values in the central region and low values in the eastern and western areas. Agricultural carbon emission intensity decreased from 1.02×10⁴ t·yuan^-1 in 2010 to 0.33×10⁴ t·yuan^-1 in 2021，a reduction of 67.65%，with spatial distribution characterized by high values in the southwest and low values in the northeast. Furthermore，the relationship between agricultural carbon emissions and the agricultural economy in the southwestern region shifted gradually from weak decoupling to strong decoupling. This indicates that while effectively controlling agricultural carbon emissions，the southwestern region maintained steady agricultural economic growth，achieving a positive interaction and coordinated development between emissions reduction and economic growth. These findings offer valuable insights for exploring low-carbon agricultural development models.

Increasing farmers' income from grain cultivation is a key factor in ensuring food security. The study focuses on major grain producers in Yinzhou District，Ningbo City. Through questionnaire surveys and one-on-one interviews，it aims to gain a deep understanding of their production and operation conditions，costs and benefits，as well as the bottlenecks they face in increasing income. This study shows that due to factors such as high land use costs，rising agricultural supply costs and narrow sales channels，the income from growing grain in Yinzhou District is generally low. The production mode with the highest profit is double-cropping rice（the continuous cropping late rice is hybrid rice），with a unit profit of 12 468.90 yuan·hm^-2，while planting single-cropping rice even leads to losses. Food security relies on government subsidies. Without subsidies，all production models will suffer losses. Based on the decomposition and calculation of cost-benefit，the reasons for the low income from growing grain were studied and explored，and targeted improvement strategies were proposed，which is of reference significance for stimulating the enthusiasm of growing grain and ensuring food security.

Against the backdrop of ongoing global environmental changes and increasingly severe soil salinization，enhancing plant stress resistance and developing high-value plant resources have become urgent priorities. As an endogenous molecule，melatonin plays a vital role in regulating plant growth and stress responses. Meanwhile，Cynanchum auriculatum，a traditional Chinese medicinal herb，has demonstrated great potential in recent years within the fields of medicine and healthcare. This review summarizes the physiological and molecular mechanisms through which melatonin mitigates plant salt-alkali stress and explores its potential applications in Cynanchum auriculatum，aiming to provide theoretical references for the resistance breeding and industrial development of this species.

With the rapid advancement of computational power and the expansion of biological data，protein sequencing technology has seen significant progress，leading to a sharp increase in the number of proteins within databases. Due to the complexity and diversity of protein data，functional prediction has become a highly challenging issue and has garnered widespread attention. Concurrently，with the rapid development of artificial intelligence，methods such as machine learning have been progressively applied to protein function prediction. In recent years，researchers domestically and internationally have been continuously exploring this field，achieving substantial research outcomes. This paper summarized the functional prediction methods of protein sequence information based on bioinformatics. Furthermore，we analyzed and summarized the specific algorithms and recent advances within these approaches. Finally，we discussed existing challenges in protein function prediction and provided an outlook on future research directions in this domain.