As highly representative local vegetable varieties in Hangzhou City, Hangjiao and Hangqie occupy an important position in the field of high-quality vegetables and are also key components of local agricultural culture. Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences has played a leading role in the development of Hangjiao and Hangqie, and has joined forces with other scientific research institutions, agricultural technology promotion departments, and seed and seedling enterprises to build a complete industrial chain covering variety breeding, green and efficient technology support, standardized production and promotion and application of hybrid seeds. This industrial chain has effectively promoted the widespread promotion and application of new varieties of Hangjiao and Hangqie across the country, significantly enhancing their market influence and planting efficiency.

In order to promote the development of tomato industry in Yuyao area, enrich cherry tomato varieties, and screen out the high quality, good edible quality and high yield cherry tomato varieties suitable for overwintering cultivation in facility, ten new cherry tomato varieties such as Jindian 2, Qingxia 66, Ouxiuhongying 1 and Qiandebaiwa were introduced for the comparative tests of varieties. Growth period, plant agronomic traits, fruit traits, yield and taste were compared and analyzed using the local main variety Zheyingfen 1 as the control. The results showed that Changjindian, Jindian 2, Qingxia 66, Lvruyi, Ouxiuhongying 1, Honglong, Longzhu and Bulang had excellent comprehensive performance in growth potential, yield and taste, and were suitable for promotion and planting. Green varieties and yellow varieties had unique colors, and could be used as highlights to attract customers. Honglong,Longzhu and Bulang had a sweet and sour flavor, and unique taste, and could be used as taste tomato varieties to promote and plant. Qiandebaiwa tasted average, but it had a good shape and unique color, and could be grown in combination with other varieties.

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of two kinds of organic fertilizer replacing partial chemical fertilizer on plant development and yield of pepper and soil nutrients, and to explore the feasibility of organic fertilizer replacing partial chemical fertilizer for reducing fertilizer consumption and increasing efficiency, thus providing theoretical basis for scientific fertilization of pepper. The results showed that organic fertilizer replacing partial chemical fertilizer did not affect the agronomic characters of the pepper plants. Compared with conventional fertilization, the yield of pepper was increased by 0.33%-4.66% under bio-organic fertilizer replacing partial chemical fertilizer treatments; The yield of pepper reduced by 0.66%-5.91% under cow and sheep manure replacing partial chemical fertilizer treatments, but the difference was not significant. Short-term organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer could increase the content of soil organic matter, but the content of total nitrogen, available phosphorus,and available potassium did not change regularly. In summary, it is feasible to replace chemical fertilizer with bio-organic fertilizer, and it will not reduce the yield of pepper, and it has a better effect that replacing 50% chemical fertilizer with bio-organic fertilizer.

In order to screen out the new peanut varieties suitable for planting in Southern Jiangxi, 12 new peanut varieties were used to carry out regional tests, among which Zhanyou 75 was used as the control. The main agronomic traits, resistance and yield of the tested varieties were comprehensively analyzed. The whole growth period of the tested varieties was about 120 days. The resistance to rust was the best, and the resistance to southern blight disease was medium or resistant. Three varieties were susceptible to leaf spot disease, and the drought resistance, waterlogging resistance and lodging resistance were good. The correlation analysis of main agronomic traits showed that there was a extremely significant positive correlation between main stem height and branch length, total branch number and fruit branch number, fruit branch number and the number of fruits per plant, hundred fruit weight and hundred kernel weight. There was a significant positive correlation between the total number of branches and the number of fruits per plant. The pod yield was 3 423.07-5 053.84 kg·hm^-2. The yield variation coefficient ranged from 3.30% to 12.67%. Quanhua 1104 has the best comprehensive performance, strong resistance and high yield, and can be popularized and applied as a characteristic variety.

In order to investigate the community composition of rhizosphere microorganisms and endophytes in okra, we used the spread plate method to isolate and purify the microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil, root tissue, and stem tissue of okra. The isolated strains were identified through morphological characteristics observation, physiological and biochemical tests combined with molecular biological identification. The results showed that the microbial species from rhizosphere soil of okra were abundant. A total of 18 species were identified, and the number of bacterial were the highest, followed by fungi, and the number of actinomycetes was the lowest. A total of 9 species were isolated and identified from root tissue and stem tissue of okra, and these microorganisms were common shared between okra tissue and rhizosphere soil, which indicated the species homology between the endophytes in the root tissue and stem tissue of okra and the microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil. Several isolated strains including Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas monteilii and Rhizobium pusense are able to fix nitrogen, dissolve phosphorus, and produce auxin that can benefit plant growth. Our study provides basis for deep study of distribution of microorganisms and their roles in the growth and development of okra.

To enrich the types of spring melon cultivars in Jiaxing Region, Zhejiang Province, and meet local market demands, this study conducted a comparative test of five melon cultivars, using Sanxiong 5 as the control. The results showed that the five melon cultivars (including the control) exhibited varying degrees of differences in growth characteristics, field performance, fruit traits (including shape, flesh color, and flavor), and commodity rate. Overall, the cultivars demonstrated good consistency, strong growth vigor, disease resistance, and adaptability. The fruits had good shape, high quality, and high sugar content, with favorable comprehensive traits. Among them, Sanxiong 5 and Zaoshengcuilv were early-maturing, while Liuxingfeicui was late-maturing with strong disease resistance and high sugar content. Sanxiong 7 had white peel and green flesh, good disease resistance, and high yield, while Sanxiongcuilv had a refreshing flavor. Based on the performance of these varieties, they can be selectively planted and promoted to provide consumers with more choices.

At present, the cultivation method of single vine with one fruit per plant is popular in production of melons. In order to fully explore the production potential of the plant and improve yield and economic benefits, this experiment selected five varieties of melons for comparative experiments on the number of fruits left. Each variety was treated with one fruit left and two fruits left to compare the effects of the number of fruits left on the agronomic traits such as growth period, yield, and quality of melons, providing a theoretical basis for fruit management in the high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation process of melons. The results showed that under the traditional single vine pruning cultivation mode, the harvest peroid was shorter, single fruit weight and commodity quality of medium and large size melons with one fruit left were better, so it was suggested to cultivate with one fruit left during production.

In order to investigate the effect of earthworm liquid fertilizer on strawberry growth, and obtain the suitable fertilization formulas for green production of strawberry. field experiments were conducted in Data Village, Dongchen Town, Xiangshan County, The results showed that the T2 treatment had the earliest harvest period with an increase of 9 days compared with CK treatment. The yield from the plots of T2 treatment was the highest (23 391 kg·hm^-2), which was higher than CK treatment by 4 726 kg·hm^-2 with an increment of 25.3%. Additionally, T2 treatment resulted in significant better strawberry quality than CK treatment (P<0.05), in terms of average single fruit weight, soluble solids content, fruit hardness, and total acid content of 20.43 g, 9.8%, 273.12 kg·cm^-2, and 6.59 g·kg^-1, respectively, with an increment of 21.0%, 1.4 percentage point, 11.4% and 32.3%, respectively.

In order to investigate the effects of fruit retention at different ordinal position on pear fruit quality under plastic tunnel cultivation conditions, we selected Cuiguan, Cuiyu and Xinyu pears cultivated in plastic tunnel as materials to analyze the phenotypic indexes and their correlations at different ordinal positions.The results showed that the maximum single fruit weight were at the 4th, 3rd and 1st ordinal position for Cuiguan, Cuiyu and Xinyu, respectively. The maximum transverse and longitudinal diameters of Cuiguan and Cuiyu were at the 4th and 3rd ordinal position, respectively, while the maximum transverse diameter was at the 1st ordinal position and the maximum longitudinal diameter was at the 3rd for Xinyu. Fruit retention at different position for Cuiguan and Cuiyu had no obvious effect on fruit shape index. The fruit shape index of Xinyu was increased with the raised order position. All of three cultivars had the thickest fruit stem at the 3rd ordinal position and the thinnest one at the 5th ordinal position. The highest soluble solid content of Cuiguan, Cuiyu and Xinyu was at the 4th, 3rd and 1st ordinal position, respectively. Correlation studies showed that there was a significant correlation between the single fruit weight and fruit tranvserse diameter in three cultivars, with the two being more closely related in Cuiyu. The comprehensive study showed that the best ordinal position for fruit retention were the 4th and 3rd for Cuiguan and Cuiyu facility-facilitated cultivation conditions, respectively, while Xinyu was tentetively suggested to be the 4th ordinal position. The results can provide guideline for facility-facilitated cultivation of south early maturing pear.

Fresh edible soybeans have a long cultivation history in Haiyan County and represent a regionally distinctive dominant crop. In recent years, with the increase in land circulation, the production of fresh edible soybeans has begun to shift toward specialization, scaling, and intensification. Through mechanized harvesting trials, three soybean harvesters in terms of harvesting efficiency, missed-pod rate, damage rate, impurity rate, and post-harvest browning were compared in Haiyan County. By comprehensively evaluating the cost-saving and efficiency-improving advantages over manual harvesting, the Yizhuo 4TD-16 vegetable soybean combine harvester was selected as the primary recommended model for the county. To adapt to the operational requirements of this harvester, a modified integrated ridging, pressing, and leveling machine was employed to create broders with a width of 85 cm, height of 30 cm, and furrow width of 30 cm. This approach addressed the challenges of mechanized harvesting for fresh edible soybeans.

To explore the cadmium enrichment ability of different types of vegetables in alkaline soil with excessive cadmium content, and to screen out vegetable varieties with low cadmium accumulation, this experiment selected a total of fifteen common seasonal vegetable varieties, including four types of leafy vegetables, eight types of Solanaceous fruits, and three types of root and tuber vegetables. After the vegetables matured, edible parts were taken for testing and analysis.The experimental results showed that the cadmium content in three types of root and tuber vegetables did not exceed 0.1 mg·kg^-1; The cadmium content in four leafy vegetables exceeded 0.1 mg·kg^-1, with coriander having the highest cadmium content. The cadmium content in Solanaceous fruits was highest in the okra, followed by eggplant, and the cadmium content in the rest Solanaceous fruits was below 0.1 mg·kg^-1. From the perspective of enrichment coefficients, coriander and okra reached 60.02% and 13.69%, respectively, indicating a certain enrichment effect, while the enrichment effects of other vegetables were not significant. In alkaline soil with excessive cadmium content, pumpkin, cattail, and cucumber can be planted as options.

Through nutrient deficiency experiments and comparative experiments of different levels of fertilizer application, the absorption and utilization characteristics of N,P, K,Fe,Cu and Mn in cabbage Chunfeng 007 were studied, providing a basis for fertilizer reduction and efficiency increase and scientific fertilization in cabbage. The nutrient deficiency experiment found that when there is a high content of available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil, applying P₂O₅ or K₂O fertilizer again can not increase the yield of cabbage, but instead will reduce it; Applying N fertilizer can increase the yield of cabbage. From the perspective of different fertilization levels, the more fertilizer applied, the higher the yield of cabbage, but the magnitude of yield increase gradually decreases. When the target yield of cabbage was 66 277 kg·hm^-2, the application of N, P₂O₅, and K₂O was 216, 216, and 216 kg·hm^-2, respectively, to maintain nutrient balance in the soil during the season. It was suggested to adjust the fertilization ratio for cabbage and reduce the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers appropriately. The absorption ratio of N, P₂O₅, and K₂O should be 22.28∶10.00∶31.04. In this experiment, the maximum absorption of Fe,Cu, and Mn elements of cabbage Chunfeng 007 reached 13.83 kg·hm^-2, 26.72 g·hm^-2, and 365.28 g·hm^-2, respectively. The N, P₂O₅, and K₂O fertilizer utilization rates were 17.25%, -5.03%, and -8.13%, respectively.

Under the premise of 10% reduction of chemical fertilizers, different dosages of compound microbial fertilizer treatments were designed to explore the application effect and appropriate dosage on greenhouse bokchoy. The results showed that the application of compound microbial fertilizer can improve the agronomic traits of bokchoy, increase the crop yield and improve the planting efficiency. It could also increase the number of soil microorganisms, enhance the activity of soil enzymes and improve the soil microbial environment. The best effect was achieved by applying 75.0 L·hm^-2, which increased the number of soil bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi by 130.2%, 76.6% and 72.8%, respectively, and the activities of soil protease and dehydrogenase by 91.5% and 9.2%, respectively, increasing the yield by 22.2% and the efficiency by 14 099.0 yuan·hm^-2 compared with the control without application. The ratio of input to output reached 1.0∶13.5.

The 18 fruit radish varieties were selected and planted in Wenzhou. The quality of fruit radish was comprehensively evaluated by measuring physiological indexes such as root length, root width, plant height, soluble solids content, peel color, flesh color and so on. The results showed that the plant height of G7 in 18 fruit radish was significantly higher than that of other green fruit radish, and the root length of P1 was significantly higher than that of other red fruit radish. The results of plant height and root length were consistent in this study. The soluble solids contents of different fruit radish varieties was 5.00%-7.77%. The soluble solids contents of G3 and P1 were significantly higher than that of other 16 fruit radish varieties, and G7 and G9 were second only to G3 and P1. Fruit radish of G7 and G9 not only grew well, but also had high soluble solids contents, which were suitable for planting in Southern Zhejiang. Through the selecting and screening of fruit radish varieties suitable for planting in Southern Zhejiang, it provides a basis for the optimization of regional radish variety structure.

There are irregular phenomena such as tuber length, diameter, and stem length in the production of Niuwei yam. In order to study the genetic stability of its tuber traits and select excellent lines, Niuwei yam was taken as the research object to investigate the genetic laws of underground tuber morphology characteristics. The results showed that the order of coefficient of variation was tuber cylinder index(18.84%)>evenness index of upper part of tuber(14.44%)>evenness index of lower part of tuber(12.30%)>tuber swelling index(10.65%). The order of coefficient of genetic variation was tuber cylinder index(11.10%)>tuber swelling index(8.49%)>evenness index of upper part of tuber(7.22%)>evenness index of lower part of tuber(6.02%). The generalized heritability of evenness index of upper part of tuber and evenness index of lower part of tuber were 16.09% and 16.48%, respectively. The order of the optimization degree of the four indexes of the clonal progeny was tuber cylinder index(59.85%) > evenness index of lower part of tuber(27.16%)>evenness index of upper part of tuber(20.98%)>tuber swelling index(0.97%). Therefore, it is recommended to choose yam plants with swollen tubers which have uniform length and thickness to develop excellent varieties.

To investigate the effects of different thicknesses of biodegradable mulch film on soil temperature, moisture, and yield of summer-sown sweet potato, a single-factor randomized block design was adopted for comparative experiments. The results showed that 40 days after transplanting, mulch coverage increased surface soil temperature, while at 70 and 100 days after transplanting, the mulching treatments exhibited lower temperatures compared with the control. At 40 days after transplanting, soil moisture at 0 and 5 cm depths was higher in mulching treatments than in the control. The number of stem nodes and branches in mulching treatments was significantly higher than the control 40 days after transplanting. At 130 days after transplanting, the dry matter weight of mulching treatments was significantly higher than the control, with no significant differences among the biodegradable mulch treatments. The yield and marketable tuber rate of the three biodegradable mulching treatments were all significantly higher than those of the control, with biodegradable mulch exhibiting better degradation performance. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of biodegradable mulching summer-sown sweet potato cultivation.

To promote the development of the ginger industry in Cixi City and improve the agricultural industrial structure, this study explored the appropriate planting density for three ginger varieties with favorable comprehensive traits, which were selected from preliminary variety screening trials. Under fixed row spacing, three plant spacing levels (15, 20, and 25 cm) were set to compare the growth and yield of ginger at different growth stages. The results showed that planting density had little effect on plant growth during the tillering stage, but obvious differences were observed during the rhizome expansion and harvest stages. As planting density decreased (plant spacing increased), the number of branches, fresh root weight, and fresh rhizome weight increased, reaching their maximum at a plant spacing of 25 cm. The yields of Lishui Xiaohuang ginger and Jiaxing Hongzhao ginger were highest at a plant spacing of 15 cm, with 667 m² yields of 1 856.52 and 1 983.41 kg, respectively. Laiwu litter ginger achieved its highest yield at a plant spacing of 20 cm, with a 667 m² yield of 2 364.87 kg. Planting density significantly affected the dry matter content of Jiaxing Hongzhao ginger and the dry matter and starch content of Laiwu litter ginger. In conclusion, it is recommended to plant Lishui Xiaohuang ginger and Jiaxing Hongzhao ginger at a plant spacing of 15 cm, and Laiwu litter ginger at a plant spacing of 20 cm for optimal production.

To examine the effects of full biodegradable mulch films on soil physicochemical properties, as well as the benefits for spring potato cultivation, experiments were conducted using 10 different types of full biodegradable mulch films. The results showed that the full biodegradable mulch film can improve the overall performance of the soil and had a yield-increasing and efficiency-improving effect on spring potatoes. Among them, the white full biodegradable mulch film had a relatively faster degradation speed and a relatively higher crop yield; while the black full biodegradable mulch film effectively improved the overall soil fertility and soil enzyme activity. At the time of potato harvest, the full biodegradable mulch film was basically in the large cracking period, it could be directly mechanically turned over and cultivated without producing white pollution. Compared with ordinary films, the average yield of all the full biodegradable mulch films covered in experiment increased by 5.2% per 667 m², and the average economic benefit increased by 6.4% per 667 m², among which the highest economic benefit was obtained under 8 μm white full biodegradable mulch film. The results of this experiment showed that the white full biodegradable mulch film has broad prospects for popularization and in the cultivation of early spring potatoes in open fields.

In this study, the rhizosphere soil was taken at the physiological maturity stage of flax, and the effects of different concentrations of citric acid on the diversity, abundance and community structure of bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of flax were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics methods. The results showed that the ACE, Chao1, Simpson and Shannon index values of bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of flax treated with high concentration of citric acid were the highest, and the ACE and Chao1 index values were significantly higher than the control. The results of PCoA analysis showed that the community structure of bacterial OTU in the rhizosphere soil of flax treated with high concentration citric acid was the most different from that in the control soil. In terms of bacterial composition, all the dominant bacteria phylum was Patescibacteria, with an average proportion of 49.50%, and all the dominant bacteria genus was TM7a, with an average proportion of 32.99%. This experiment is helpful to provide a theoretical reference for the subsequent study of the effect of exogenous organic acids on the absorption of cadmium in flax.

The expression of different genes in different tissues of tobacco is different, and whether the inoculation method using TRV induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology in tobacco is suitable remains to be determined. Leaf injection method and root inoculation method were used to silence NtBBL and NtPPO7 differentially expressed genes in root and leaf of Yunyan 87, respectively, to determine the silencing efficiency of different inoculation methods and the effects of systematic analysis. The results showed that the relative expression level of NtBBL gene in the root was significantly higher than that in the leaf, and the relative expression level of NtPPO7 gene in the leaf was significantly higher than that in the root, which met the needs of the experiment. For silencing genes in root and leaf, leaf injection was suitable for silencing in leaf, and root inoculation was suitable for silencing in root. Leaf injection method has a higher silencing efficiency for high expression genes in leaves, while root inoculation method has a higher silencing efficiency for high expression genes in roots. BBL and PPO activity in tobacco were affected to a certain extent by different inoculation methods after silencing genes at high expression sites. The PPO activity in leaf was decreased by leaf injection method, while BBL activity in root was decreased by root inoculation method. Root inoculation method was more effective in reducing the nicotine content of tobacco leaves. It is necessary to select appropriate inoculation methods for the highly expressed genes in different tissues of tobacco, and different inoculation methods have different silencing effects on different genes. This study provides support for the application of VIGS technology in tobacco.

To study the feasibility and effectiveness of multispectral remote sensing technology in field tobacco nitrogen assessment, and to provide an efficient, accurate and non-destructive nitrogen nutrition diagnosis method for large area concentrated tobacco fields, in 2023, field experiments with different treatments were set up in Shiping County. Data on plot multispectral images and tobacco leaf nitrogen content were collected through drone-based multispectral aerial photography and field sampling. Various machine learning algorithms, including multiple linear regression (MLR), partial least squares regression (PLSR), and random forest (RF), were used to construct quantitative relationship models between multispectral characteristics of the tobacco canopy and leaf nitrogen content. The results showed that the model built by MLR had the highest stability, while the model constructed by RF achieved the highest correlation and the lowest error. This study confirms the feasibility of using multispectral remote sensing for diagnosing nitrogen content in field tobacco leaves and has promising results, providing a reference for the remote sensing inversion of more agronomic parameters in tobacco cultivation.

To determine the suitable topping measures for K326 in Dali tobacco-growing areas, a split-plot experiment was conducted to compare the effects of topping at early flowering and full flowering stages with 18, 20, and 22 leaves retained on the yield and quality of K326. The results showed that topping at the early flowering stage generally outperformed topping at the full flowering stage in terms of agronomic traits, economic traits, and internal chemical quality. Topping at the early flowering stage with 22 leaves retained resulted in the best growth and highest yield of flue-cured tobacco, but the output value, average price, proportion of medium-grade tobacco, proportion of high-grade tobacco, and internal chemical composition were slightly inferior. Topping at the early flowering stage with 20 leaves retained achieved higher economic benefits and the most balanced internal chemical composition among all treatments. Based on comprehensive evaluation of various indicators, topping at the early flowering stage with 20 leaves retained is the most suitable practice for cultivating K326 in Dali tobacco-growing areas.

To investigate the effects of different fertilization dosage on carbon-nitrogen metabolism and alkaloid content in Zhusha tobacco, a field experiment was conducted in 2020 using Zhusha tobacco 3 as the test material. The results showed that the activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase in tobacco plants under the 15% fertilizer reduction treatment were lower than those under the 15% fertilizer increase treatment, indicating that nitrogen metabolism was less vigorous in the 15% fertilizer reduction treatment compared with the 15% fertilizer increase treatment. During the vigorous growth period, lower leaf maturation period, and middle leaf maturation period, the sucrose synthase activity in tobacco plants under the 15% fertilizer reduction treatment was significantly lower than that under the 15% fertilizer increase treatment, suggesting that the carbon metabolism products were less abundant and the carbon metabolism intensity was lower in the 15% fertilizer reduction treatment. Under the 15% fertilizer reduction and local conventional treatments, the nicotine content was lower than that under the 15% fertilizer increase treatment, but under the 15% fertilizer increase condition, the nornicotine content was the lowest.

The diversity levels of 13 major phenotypic traits of 14 rapeseed varieties were comprehensively analyzed using indicators such as coefficient of variation and variation range. The results showed that the growth period of rapeseed was shortened to 166-174 days after late sowing, and plant height was reduced to 99.20-120.60 cm. Yield was significantly influenced by cold tolerance, with the frost-resistant variety Yueyou 518 achieving a yield of 1 296.60 kg·hm^-2. The number of effective pods per plant exhibited the richest variation, while the growth period was relatively the most stable. The diversity indices of the 13 traits ranged from 3.039 6 to 3.807 2, with a small variation range. Principal component analysis extracted five principal components, accounting for 91.03% of the cumulative contribution rate, among which PC1 (number of effective branches) and PC2 (number of effective pods per plant) significantly contributed to yield. Based on comprehensive evaluation scores, Yueyou Huaye 15, Ningza 559, and Fengyou 737 demonstrated the best overall performance and were recommended as high-yield potential varieties. Cluster analysis divided the rapeseed varieties into two major groups, with significant differences in traits such as growth period and surviving seedling number between the groups. This study identified rapeseed varieties with excellent comprehensive traits, clarified the genetic diversity of rapeseed traits and key yield-influencing factors under late direct-seeding conditions, and provided theoretical support for rapeseed breeding and cultivation management in Northern Zhejiang.

Zheyouza 59, developed by the Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Zhejiang Wuwangnong Seeds Shareholding Co., Ltd. through hybridization between the male sterile line ZH3A and the restorer line HR59, exhibits multiple advantageous traits including resistance to Sclerotinia disease, pod shattering, clubroot, cold stress, and lodging, along with a suitable maturity period and clear oil quality. This variety was registered as a non-major crop cultivar in 2021 (Registration No.: GPD Rape [2021] 330252) and completed expanded regional registration in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in 2022. It is well-suited for cultivation in winter rapeseed regions of the middle and lower Yangtze River Basin. This paper details the parental origins, breeding process, agronomic traits, and key cultivation management practices of Zheyouza 59, aiming to provide theoretical and technical support for its promotion and application, thereby enhancing Chinese oilseed supply capacity.

In this study, five kinds of mycorrhizal fungi, including Glomus mossesa (Gm), Glomus hoi (Gh), Glomus versiforme (Gv), Glomus etunicatum (Ge) and Glomus aggregatum (Ga), were selected as the test materials, and the domesticated seedlings of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo were tested under the conditions of 28 ℃ light for 14 h and 22 ℃ darkness for 10 h, to explore the effects of mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo. The results showed that all of the five mycorrhizal fungi could infect Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo and form a symbiotic structure. Comprehensive analysis of the phenotype, fresh weight, nitrogen and phosphorus content, and polysaccharide content of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo inoculated with five mycorrhizal fungi showed that the inoculated five mycorrhizal fungi could promote the growth of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo, increase the content of nitrogen and phosphorus, and promote the increase of polysaccharide content. Among them, Gm has the best promoting effect on the growth, accumulation of nutrient elements and polysaccharide content of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo, and is a suitable mycorrhizal fungi for the mycorrhizal production of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo. By inoculating three different lines of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo (red rod, rusty rod and green rod) with Gm, it was found that Gm also promoted the growth and polysaccharide accumulation of different lines. This study provided the advantageous material and theoretical basis for the mycorrhizal cultivation of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo, and laid a foundation for the application of the mycorrhizal cultivation of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo.

To investigate the effects of different hormone ratios on the proliferation and rooting induction of tissue culture seedlings of Corydalis ophiocarpa Hook. f. et Thoms. MS was used as the basic medium, IBA(0.2, 0.5, 1.0 mg·L^-1), IAA(0.1, 0.2, 0.5 mg·L^-1), and 6-BA(0.3, 0.6, 1.0 mg·L^-1) were tested by three-level and three-factor orthogonal test to screen the best proliferation medium. NAA(0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg·L^-1) and IBA(0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg·L^-1) were used to select the best medium for inducing rooting. The results showed that the culture medium MS+0.2 mg·L^-1 IBA+0.1 mg·L^-1 IAA+0.3 mg·L^-1 6-BA had the best proliferation effect, with a multiplication rate of more than 8 times, and was suitable for inducing the differentiation of adventitious buds in Corydalis ophiocarpa Hook. f. et Thoms., effectively increasing the number of seedlings. MS+0.5 mg·L^-1 NAA(pH value 5.8) was identified as the optimal culture medium for the rooting of main roots in Corydalis ophiocarpa Hook. f. et Thoms., while MS+1.0 mg·L^-1 IBA(pH value 5.8) was the optimal culture medium for the rooting of fibrous roots. This study has determined the best culture medium formulas for the proliferation and rooting of Corydalis ophiocarpa Hook. f. et Thoms., significantly improving the efficiency and quality of rooting, providing an important basis for efficient propagation of Corydalis ophiocarpa Hook. f. et Thoms..

In order to explore the effects of compound fertilizer combined with biochar and humic acid on agronomic traits of Acorus calamus, using Acorus calamus as the material, a field experiment was conducted using biochar and humic acid to set up 9 treatments,control treatment (CK,no biochar, humic acid, and compound fertilizer added); single application of compound fertilizer treatment (F,0.075 kg·m^-2 compound fertilizer); biochar and humic acid treatment (FT1, 2 kg·m^-2 biochar+0.2 kg·m^-2 humic acid);treatment of compound fertilizer combined with biochar and humic acid(FT2, 2 kg·m^-2 biochar+0.2 kg·m^-2 humic acid+0.005 kg·m^-2 compound fertilizer; FT3, 2 kg·m^-2biochar+0.2 kg·m^-2 humic acid+0.025 kg·m^-2 compound fertilizer; FT4, 2 kg·m^-2 biochar+0.2 kg·m^-2 humic acid+0.045 kg·m^-2 compound fertilizer; FT5, 2 kg·m^-2biochar+0.2 kg·m^-2 humic acid+0.065 kg·m^-2 compound fertilizer; FT6, 2 kg·m^-2 biochar+0.2 kg·m^-2 humic acid+0.085 kg·m^-2 compound fertilizer; FT7, 2 kg·m^-2biochar+0.2 kg·m^-2 humic acid+0.105 kg·m^-2 compound fertilizer). The results showed that the combination of two organic materials and compound fertilizer improved the agronomic traits of Acorus calamus. By measuring the physiological characteristics of Acorus calamus, it was found that different treatments of biochar combined with compound fertilizer promoted the growth of Acorus calamus. Compared with CK and F treatment, FT7 treatment increased the plant height of Acorus calamus by 40.20%, 1.52%, 26.48%, and 6.79% after 30 and 90 days of planting, respectively. Meanwhile, with the increase of compound fertilizer application, the aboveground fresh weight and root fresh weight of Acorus calamus had both increased. In addition, all treatments can promote the root growth of Acorus calamus, among which FT5, FT6, and FT7 treatments had better effects. This experiment can provide ttheoretical guidance for future research on reducing chemical fertilizers on flowers.

In order to explore the influencing factors on stem tip culture and bulb propagation of lily, the tissue culture seedlings of lily Robina were selected as experimental materials, and the study was conducted through stem tip culture and culture of bulbs in bottles. The results showed that the size of the stem tip is a key factor affecting the survival rate of the stem tip. The survival rate of the 1.0 mm stem tip was about 5 percentage points higher than that of the 0.5 mm stem tip. Increasing the content of plant growth regulators and banana powder can improve the survival rate of the stem tip. Light culture (12 h·d^-1) was more conducive to bulb proliferation and growth than dark culture, and there was almost no obvious difference in the effect of 20 ℃ and 25 ℃ on bulb growth. Compared with dark culture, the number, diameter, fresh weight, and dry weight of bulbs obtained under light culture at 25 ℃ increased by 36.36%,15.33%,59.91% and 44.74%, respectively. The stem tip culture of lily Robina can be carried out by inoculating the stem tips with 1/2 MS+0.5 mg·L^-1 6-BA+0.2 mg·L^-1 NAA+5.0 g·L^-1 banana powder medium and directly culturing under light, and the cultivation conditions for bulbs can be selected as 25 ℃ and light cultivation.

Powdery mildew (PM) significantly and negatively affects the yield and quality of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.var.reticulatus Naud.). Using the resistance genes of melon for breeding is the most economical and environmentally safe way to control powdery mildew disease. Through comparative genome analyses between the PM resistant varieties (PI414723,MR1), the reticulatus cultivars (Dulce,Harukei) and AY (the annonated melon genome),combined with the reported loci of disease resistance genes, we developed a new InDel marker named pmc2pi717 and successfully applied it to the resistance screening in the F₂ generation population. This study laid a foundation to pyramid multiple resistance genes into new cultivars in the future via marker assisted selection.

Taking gray mold plants of Fritillaria thunbergii as the materials, using tissue separation, pathogenicity determination, the pathogens of gray mold on F. thunbergii was identified and the effects of chemical fungicides on the pathogen were studied. The results showed that the pathogens of gray mold on F. thunbergii belongs to Botrytis spp., which is the most closely related to B. tulipae. The optimal temperature of the isolate BMY was 20 ℃; the optimal pH value was 4-8; and the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources were fructose and beef extract, respectively. The toxicity measurement showed that 430 g·L^-1 tebuconazole SC and 500 g·L^-1 fluazinam SC had strong inhibitory effect on the pathogen BMY, with EC₅₀ values of 5.100 9 and 4.084 2 μg·mL^-1, respectively, which could be used as candidate agents. In this study, the pathogens of gray mold on F. thunbergii were clarified, and two fungicides with good inhibition effect were screened, which could provide a reference for the field prevention and control of gray mold on F. thunbergii.

In recent years, due to the resistance of Fusarium graminearum to carbendazim, tebuconazole and prothionazole, the control effect has been reduced. Therefore, the author carried out a field efficacy comparison test on wheat scab with six different chemical treatments and spray times, including 20% pydiflumetofen+25% propiconazol, 40% prothioconazole tebuconazole, 30% trifloxystrobin tebuconazole, 48% difenoconazole azoxystrobin, 43% tebuconazole, to screen green and efficient fungicides for the control of wheat scab, and explore the prospect of reduced dosage, so as to provide guidance for the control of wheat scab. The results showed that 20% pydiflumetofen(900 mL ·hm^-2)+25% propiconazol(600 mL·hm^-2), 40% prothioconazole tebuconazole(900 mL ·hm^-2) could better control the damage of wheat scab, and they were safe for wheat growth. The control effect of diseased ear and disease index after 15 days treatment was 84.6%-85.5% and 86.1%-86.9%respectively treatment the control effect of diseased ear and disease index after 26 days treatment was 81.2%-82.3% and 85.8%-86.4%respectively treatment, which were significantly higher than other treatments, and could be widely applied in production. Accordingly, the spray time under 20% pydiflumetofen+25% propiconazole can be reduced to once, and the purpose of dosage reduction is realized.

Drosophila is the primary pest of bayberry, posing a significant threat to the high-quality and sustainable development of the bayberry industry in Zhejiang Province. To explore cost-effective green control measures and integrate them with unified prevention and control to manage the occurrence and damage of bayberry Drosophila, a field trial was conducted in Xichen Village, Guanlu Town, Xianju County in 2023 to evaluate the control effects of different green measures of prevention and control on bayberry Drosophila. The results showed that the unified prevention and control measures demonstrated better efficacy in preventing and controlling bayberry Drosophila in the early and middle stages of bayberry ripening and harvesting, with relative control effects of 100.0% and 90.3% respectively after spraying 7 day and 14 day. However, their effectiveness in controlling bayberry Drosophila during the middle and later stages of bayberry ripening and harvesting was weakened, with a relative control effect of only 19.2% after 21 days of spraying. The Romance bayberry facility cultivation technology, in combination with unified prevention and control, proved to be the most effective, achieving relative control effects of 100.0%, 98.4%, and 79.6% respectively after 7, 14, and 21 days of spraying, essentially controlling the occurrence and damage of bayberry Drosophila throughout the bayberry ripening and harvesting stages. The food source trapping and killing technology, combined with unified prevention and control, showed a synergetic effect in the early and middle stages of bayberry ripening and harvesting, with relative control effects of 100.0% and 95.2% respectively after spraying 7 day and 14 day. However, in the event of a large outbreak of bayberry Drosophila, despite an average of 135.7 adult Drosophila trapped and killed per bottle during the 7 days from the peak to the end of the bayberry ripening and harvesting period, the relative control effect was only 43.6% after 21 days of spraying, failing to effectively control the outbreak of bayberry Drosophila during the middle and later stages of bayberry ripening and harvesting. Further optimization of the technical measures is necessary. Additionally, this article briefly discussed the existing problems in prevention and control on bayberry Drosophila and the relative advantages, disadvantages, and application prospects of the tested prevention and control measures.

Fruit rot disease is the main disease that harms fruit of bayberry and causes significant economic losses. To clarify the effect of Bacillus preparations on preventing and controlling fruit rot and improving fruit quality of bayberry, Dongkui bayberry was used as the test material in facility cultivation. Field trials were conducted using Lvkangwei and superoxide dismutase (SOD) microbial preparations. The bacterial agent was sprayed from the young fruit stage of bayberry every 15 days, and the fruit rot rate and fruit quality related indicators were measured during the fruit maturity stage. The results showed that compared with the control, all bacterial agent treatments had good control effects on fruit rot disease, with an average fruit rot rate decreased by 3.87-10.67 percentage points; All bacterial agent treatments were able to improve the fruit quality of bayberry, with Lvkangwei 350 fold dilution solution showing the most comprehensive effect, significantly reducing the titrable acid content of the fruit, increasing SOD enzyme activity, total flavonoid content, and anthocyanin content, followed by the other treatments; The 250 fold dilution solution of SOD microbial preparations has the best effect on preventing fruit rot disease of bayberry, which is worth promoting vigorously in production.

To investigate the control efficacy of insecticides sprayed at different infestation periods of Chilo suppressalis and to assess the resistance of Chilo suppressalis larvae to spinetoram in various towns and subdistricts, rice seedling dipping method and field trials were conducted. The results showed that 25% spinetoram water-dispersible granules (WG) demonstrated better seedling protection and insecticidal effects when applied at a deadheart rate ≤10%, especially when the deadheart rate was 0%-5%. At 20 days after application, the insecticidal and seedling protection effects reached 64.40% and 68.62%, respectively. However, when applied at a deadheart rate >15%, the insecticidal and seedling protection effects of 25% spinetoram WG at 20 days after application were relatively poor, at 17.78% and 21.74%, respectively. Significant differences in resistance levels to spinetoram were observed among Chilo suppressalis larvae from different towns and subdistricts. Larvae from Xiangxi Town, Shuiting Town, Yongchang Subdistrict, Shanghua Subdistrict, and Youbu Town had developed moderate resistance to spinetoram, with Youbu Town exhibiting the highest resistance (LC₉₀ = 633.34 mg·L^-1). Overall, spinetoram exhibited high biological activity against Chilo suppressalis larvae in most towns and subdistricts. Field application of 25% spinetoram WG is recommended when the deadheart rate is ≤10%, and it can be mixed or alternated with other insecticides for enhanced control.

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 15 plant growth regulators residues in fruits and vegetables. With grapes as the representative substrate, the samples were pretreated by QuEChERS method. 1% formic acid acetonitrile solution was used as extraction solution, and anhydrous magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride were used as salt-out reagents. The type and dosage of adsorbent were optimized, and 50 mg C18 and 150 mg MgSO₄ were selected to purify the extraction solution. The final samples were analyzed on Inertsil ODS-3 2 μm (75 mm×2.1 mm) column. Mobile phase was 0.5 mmol·L^-1 ammonium formate aqueous solution and methanol by gradient elution, and then samples analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The results of systematic method verification showed that except for chloroaniline and 2,3,5-triodobenzoic acid, the other 13 plant growth regulators showed good linear relationships (R²>0.98) within the concentration range of 0.5-200.0 μg·L^-1. When the concentration was 10, 50, 200 μg·L^-1, the recoveries rate of each analyte added to blank fruit and vegetable samples were 72.3%-105.0%, with the RSD less than 9.3%. The limit of quantitation was 10 μg·kg^-1. The method is simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate, and can simultaneously satisfy the determination of 15 kinds of growth regulator residues in various fruits and vegetables.

Digital trade, as an emerging trade model, is rapidly rising globally and has a profound impact on traditional business and trade patterns. The Republic of Korean government attaches great importance to the development of digital trade as a national strategy and has introduced a series of policies to overcome constraints in the development of digital trade in aquatic products. This article analyzes the current situation of digital trade in aquatic products in the Republic of Korea and summarizes the main bottlenecks that restrict its development. It systematically sorts out a series of major measures taken by the Republic of Korean government to revitalize digital trade in aquatic products, including building digital export bases, strengthening digital export capabilities, deepening technology research and development, and constructing international digital trading platforms. It puts forward relevant suggestions to further promote the development of digital trade in aquatic products in Zhejiang Province, such as improving legal protection, continuously deepening technological research and development, and vigorously cultivating professional talents, in order to provide reference and theoretical guidance for the development of Zhejiang's aquatic economy.

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), as a common endogenous auxin, can be synthesized not only by plants, but also by many microorganisms. IAA produced by fungi plays a dual role in fungus-plant interactions, which can promote plant growth and induce plant diseases. Therefore, the research was carried out on the biosynthesis and functional mechanisms of IAA in fungi, which is of great value in promoting the production and utilization of IAA.This article reviewed the main IAA biosynthesis pathways in fungi, the impact of environmental factors on IAA synthesis in fungi, and the role of IAA in the interaction between fungi and plants. It also provided prospects for the relevant research on the cross-border signal transduction mechanism of IAA in fungi.

In order to explore the effects of garden waste compost and biochar soil conditioner on the quality of coastal saline soil, the control group (CK), green waste compost treatment group (GW) and biochar treatment group (BC) were set up. The results showed that: in terms of seed germination index, biochar treatment was superior to composting treatment, in which the soil seed germination index of composting treatment was 88%, which was 21 percentage points higher than that of the control group (67%), and the soil seed germination index of biochar treatment was 96%, which was 29 percentage points higher than that of the control group. In terms of soil physical properties, composting treatment significantly increased the maximum water holding capacity, capillary water holding capacity, capillary porosity and infiltration rate, and reduced the mass moisture content and non capillary porosity; Biochar treatment significantly increased soil bulk density, mass moisture content and infiltration rate, but decreased the maximum water holding capacity, capillary water holding capacity, capillary porosity and total porosity. In terms of soil chemical properties, composting treatment significantly increased soil organic matter, total nitrogen content and carbon nitrogen ratio, while reducing pH value and electrical conductivity (EC); Biochar treatment significantly increased soil organic matter, total nitrogen content, carbon nitrogen ratio and pH value, and decreased EC value. The results reveal the mechanism of the two amendments, and provide theoretical basis and technical support for soil quality improvement in salinized areas.

Most of the feed ingredients are plant-based, which are rich in nutrients such as protein and carbohydrates, as well as a small amount of anti-nutritional factors that affect the nutritional value of the feed, which can hinder the normal performance of livestock and poultry production. Enzyme preparations are efficient green feed additives with functions of aiding digestion, promoting growth, maintaining health, and improving quality and efficiency. Exogenous addition of enzyme preparations can compensate for insufficient endogenous enzyme secretion in livestock and poultry, eliminate anti nutritional components in feed, and reduce the cost of non-point source pollution control. How to maximize the economic and efficient feed utilization value of enzyme preparations in precision feed formulations has become the core of "breeding efficiency and environmental stress reduction" in animal husbandry and the research hotspot in animal husbandry circles. In this paper, the classification of synergistic effects of enzyme preparations, the main anti-nutrient components of typical livestock and poultry feed, and the research progress of synergistic effects of enzyme preparations with their target substrates were reviewed, and the principles of development and application of enzyme preparations were put forward in order to provide reference for the development and application of efficient and economical enzyme preparations.

In order to understand the effects of temperature on the embryonic development of Opsariichthys bidens, fertilized eggs were obtained by artificial insemination. The embryonic development at 20, 22, 24 and 26℃ were observed by microscope, and the morphological changes were recorded by photographing. It was found that the embryonic development process of Opsariichthys. bidens was divided into 7 stages (uplift of blastoderm stage, cleavage stage, blastula stage, gastrula stage, neurula stage, organogenesis stage, hatching stage) and 28 small periods. Under the conditions of 20, 22, 24 and 26 ℃, the total embryonic development time was 62.33, 59.19, 53.28 and 49.53 h, respectively, and the hatching rate was 65.06%, 76.11%, 78.78% and 77.54%, respectively. The biological zero of embryonic development was 11.02 ℃, and the average effective accumulative temperature degree was 660.80 ℃·h. The abnormality rates of hatchlings were 24.44%, 5.05%, 0 and 0 at 20 ℃, 22 ℃, 24 ℃ and 26 ℃, respectively. The optimum temperature for embryonic development of Opsariichthys. bidens was 24℃. This study provided reference for the optimization of Opsariichthys. bidens breeding techniques.

In order to further promote the replacement of fertilizer reduction in Taihu Lake basin, Taihu eco-island was selected as the study object, and 200 business operators were visited and investigated from October to December 2020, and the composition characteristics and influencing factors of fertilizer intensity in Taihu eco-island were analyzed. The results showed that by 2020, the total fertilization intensity of Taihu eco-island was still at a relatively high level, with an average total fertilization intensity of 735.6 kg·hm^-2, among which the average fertilizer fertilization intensity was 486.6 kg·hm^-2. The average fertilization intensity of organic fertilizer was 321.0 kg·hm^-2, and the average organic fertilizer substitution rate was 37.01%. Fruit trees and vegetables are the crops that have the greatest impact on the total fertilization intensity. The fertilizer type that has the greatest impact is changing from chemical fertilizer to organic fertilizer, and the nutrient that has the greatest impact is changing from nitrogen to phosphorus and potassium. Considering the requirements for the construction of Taihu eco-island, it is suggested to combine the characteristics of crop fertilizer demand and the prevention and control points of agricultural non-point source pollution, continue to steadily promote the reduction of fertilizer, and further promote the replacement of organic fertilizer with chemical fertilizer.

The narrowing of urban-rural income gap is conducive to achieving social fairness and common prosperity. With the further development of digital inclusive finance in Hubei Province, the problem of unequal income between urban and rural residents has been effectively alleviated. Based on the digital inclusive finance index of Peking University, this paper used panel data of prefecture-level cities in Hubei Province from 2011 to 2022 to empirically analyze the impact of digital inclusive finance development on urban-rural income gap. The results showed that the development of digital inclusive finance in Hubei Province, the improvement of openness, the optimization of industrial structure, the expansion of internet penetration rate and the improvement of education level can increase residents' income and narrow the urban-rural income gap. And the paper put forward policy suggestions such as improving the digital inclusive finance system, establishing a digital rural credit evaluation system, improving relevant laws and regulations of digital inclusive finance, and developing digital inclusive finance in an appropriate way according to local conditions.

This paper analyzed the current situation and causes of village debt in A city, and put forward countermeasures to resolve village debt. The study showed that the main reasons for the formation of village debt were more public welfare construction and insufficient collective economic income, the imbalance between village administrative power and financial power, the imperfect subsidy policy, the excessive expenditure on various village public welfare affairs, and the lack of village management concepts. To resolve village debt, it is necessary to develop and strengthen the collective economy, reduce the pressure of village supporting funds, regulate village financial expenditure, and strengthen village operation and management.

The big food concept, all encompassing approach to food is a new agricultural development philosophy proposed by China in recent years, aiming to break through the traditional single production model centered on staple crops. Under this framework, creative agriculture integrates technological innovation, model innovation, and cultural innovation into traditional planting systems, generating multiple innovative pathways. This study explores diversified planting models in creative agriculture, focusing on three paradigms of the innovative rice-mushroom rotation technology. We propose cyclical models such as the “straw-mushroom-fertilizer-rice” ecological closed-loop cycle and develop a circulation model diagram for rice-mushroom rotation. Centered on the “income increase, efficiency enhancement, and value addition” of innovative rice-mushroom rotation technology, we systematically compare its economic, ecological, and social benefits with traditional planting systems. Countermeasures and suggestions are provided to optimize the development pathway of rice-mushroom rotation technology, achieving efficient resource utilization while addressing challenges such as low cultivated land utilization efficiency and straw burning pollution. This research promotes farmer income growth, offers theoretical and practical references for agricultural green transformation, and establishes a replicable “dual-use land and double harvest of grain and fungi” model.