At present，the zinc content of rice grain is generally low，and the effect of foliar zinc fertilizer spraying technology is remarkable. Reasonable optimization of foliar spraying scheme and realization of efficiency enhancement and cost reduction have a positive effect on the promotion of this technology. In this study，different zinc fertilizers and zinc application modes were used to carry out field experiments in Shaoxing，Zhejiang Province. The effects of zinc fertilizer types，zinc fertilizer spraying period and zinc-silicon combined application on rice yield and grain zinc content were studied. The results showed that the appropriate application of zinc fertilizer could significantly（p<0.05）increase rice yield and grain zinc content，among which chelating sugar alcohol zinc had the best effect，increasing rice yield and grain zinc content by 8.2% and 81.7%，respectively，compared with the control group. Besides，spraying once before the filling stage of rice，spraying zinc fertilizer twice during the filling stage and appropriate concentration of zinc and silicon combined application achieved the purpose of increasing rice yield and grain zinc content to a certain extent.

This study utilized Huruan 1212 as the experimental material to investigate the effects of different foliar fertilizers applied during the panicle stage on the agronomic traits，yield，and quality of rice. The results demonstrated that under the Mange foliar fertilizer treatment，the chalkiness degree was the lowest at 13.4%；the yield per 667 m2 reached 582.8 kg，representing an increase of 13.4% compared with the CK treatment；additionally，the economic benefit per 667 m2 under this treatment was also the highest，reaching 1 381.2 yuan，which represented an increase of 17.6% over the CK treatment. These findings indicated that the Mange treatment exhibited significant advantages in enhancing rice yield，improving rice quality，and boosting economic returns. This study provided a scientific basis for foliar fertilizer application and the optimization of fertilization strategies in local rice production.

To investigate the effects of different agronomic traits on yield and to preliminarily screen excellent continuous cropping indica-japonica hybrid late rice varieties suitable for planting，the grey relational analysis was applied to analyze the relationships within 8 yield-related traits and yield，as well as the comprehensive traits of 16 tested varieties. The results showed that the relational degrees between yield-related traits and yield in descending order were：growth duration，seed setting rate，1 000-grain weight，plant height，total grains per panicle，filled grains per panicle，effective panicles，and panicle length. In the comprehensive trait evaluation，the variety with the highest relational degree to the optimal combination was Yongyou 36，followed by Yongyou 1540 and Yongyou 4911. Therefore，in high-yield cultivation of continuous cropping indica-japonica hybrid late rice，emphasis should be placed on regulating growth duration，seed setting rate，and 1 000-grain weight. Compared with the control variety Yongyou 1540，2 high-quality and high-yield varieties，Yongyou 36 and Yongyou 4911，were preliminarily screened.

To gain a deeper understanding of the effects of major agronomic traits on yield per plant in maize，and to provide a scientific basis for screening and breeding high-yield varieties，this study conducted correlation analysis，multiple linear stepwise regression analysis，and path analysis on yield per plant and major agronomic traits of 96 self-bred maize hybrid combinations. The results showed that the genetic variation coefficients of yield per plant and the 10 agronomic traits across the 96 maize hybrid combinations ranged from 6.16% to 79.22%，among which the variation coefficient of bare tip length was the largest，while that of ear diameter was the smallest. Yield per plant was highly significantly （p<0.01）positively correlated with ear diameter，ear height，kernel row number，kernels per row，tassel branch number，and ear length；significantly（p<0.01）positively correlated with plant height；significantly negatively correlated with bare tip length. Through the establishment of a multiple regression equation for yield per plant of maize and agronomic traits，the optimal regression equation was obtained as Y=-135.672+3.580X?+0.379X?+1.489X?，in which X?，X?，X? represented ear diameter，ear height，kernels per row，respecitvely. The agronomic trait with the largest direct path coefficient to yield per plant of maize was ear diameter（0.430），followed by ear height（0.250）and kernels per row（0.240）. In the breeding of high-yield maize varieties in Zhumadian City，more attention should be paid to the three traits of ear diameter，ear height，and kernels per row，while also taking the interrelationships among the traits into account.

To address the technical bottleneck of water scarcity and the coordinated improvement of high yield and quality in the Xinjiang arid region，this study compared the combined effects of two mainstream drip tape configurations and two planting patterns，and clarified their regulatory effects on cotton growth，yield，quality，and irrigation water use efficiency，aiming to provide a theoretical basis for efficient cotton cultivation in the region. Using side-labyrinth and built-in patch drip tapes as materials，two planting patterns（1 film with 6 rows and 3 tapes，and 1 film with 3 rows and 3 tapes）were set up，with a total of 4 combined treatments（T1-T4）. The results showed that T4（built-in patch drip tape + 1 film with 3 rows and 3 tapes）had the best individual plant growth，with the highest plant height and number of fruit branches，and a higher proportion of buds and bolls at the boll-opening stage；however，the harvest plant density was only 156 400 plants per hectare，resulting in relatively low seed cotton and lint yields. T3（built-in patch drip tape + 1 film with 6 rows and 3 tapes）had a harvest density of 182 600 plants per hectare，achieving the best coordination between population and individuals，and ranked first in seed cotton yield（7 390.52 kg·hm^-2），lint yield（3 274.03 kg·hm^-2），and irrigation water use efficiency（1.64 kg·m^-3）；it also exhibited the best comprehensive fiber quality，with fiber length of 29.82 mm，good breaking strength，and Micronaire value. The yields and fiber qualities of T1 and T2 were relatively lower. In conclusion，T3 can achieve coordinated improvement of high yield，quality，and water use efficiency in cotton fields with sandy loam soil in southern Xinjiang，and is recommended as the main configuration mode. T4，with high individual plant production potential，is suitable for targeted high-quality cotton production or sparse planting scenarios.

In order to clarify the effect of curing barn types and moisture removal methods on the curing quality of tobacco leaves，the effects of the internal dehumidification heat pump bulk curing barn （closed-cycle curing barn）on the contents（mass fraction）of main chemical components，organic acids and neutral aroma components of flue-cured tobacco leaves were studied by half-leaf method，with the conventional moisture exhaust heat pump bulk curing barn （open-cycle curing barn） as control. The results showed that compared with the open-cycle curing barn，the total sugar content of flue-cured tobacco leaves in the closed-cycle curing barn was significantly（p<0.05）increased by 1.66 percentage points，the reducing sugar content was significantly increased by 2.30 percentage points，the ratio of reducing sugar to total sugar was significantly increased by 8.2%，the ratio of reducing sugar to total alkaloids was significantly increased by 8.7%，the starch content was decreased by 3.05 percentage points， the content of citric acid was decreased by 25.3%，the content of 2，4-heptadienoic acid was increased by 25.7%，and the content of γ-pentanoic acid was increased by 15.6%. The variable importance in projection （VIP） values showed that there were significant differences in the contents of 14 neutral aroma components in the flue-cured tobacco leaves of the closed-cycle curing barn compared with the open-cycle curing barn. The total sugar，reducing sugar，2，4-heptadienoic acid and γ-pentanoic acid content，ratio of reducing sugar to total sugar and the ratio of reducing sugar to total alkaloids of flue-cured tobacco leaves were significantly increased by using the closed-cycle curing barn，and the content of some neutral aroma components was significantly increased.

To evaluate the application effect of composite microbial ecological agents on Tieguanyin tea plants and provide technical support for green production of tea garden，six-year-old Tieguanyin tea plants were used as test materials. Five treatments were established based on conventional technical management：T1，bio-organic fertilizer；T2，anti-replanting microbial agent + bio-organic fertilizer；T3，Lyukangwei + bio-organic fertilizer；T4，anti-replanting microbial agent + Lyukangwei + bio-organic fertilizer； T5（CK），no microbial agent application. Agronomic traits，yield，and tea quality components were measured. The results showed that T4 showed the best effect，with a significant（p<0.05）increase in relative chlorophyll content（SPAD value）of tea leaves by 15.7%，a significant increase in fresh weight of 100 leaves by 13.3%，and a significant increase in yield by 16.3% compared with CK. At the same time，tea polyphenols，epigallocatechin gallate（EGCG），and amino acid content were significantly increased by 3.4，2.73，and 0.42 percentage points，respectively，compared with CK. The sensory evaluation score reached 94.3 points. The composite microbial agent combination of anti-replanting microbial agent + Lyukangwei + bio-organic fertilizer can effectively promote the growth of Tieguanyin tea plants and improve tea quality by enriching quality components，making it a suitable green production technology for tea gardens.

Rhododendron moulmainense has the effects of astringent，hemostasis，swelling and pain relief，promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis，dispelling wind and removing dampness，lightening spots and whitening. To explore the preparation methods and immunosuppressive activities of different extraction parts and components of R. moulmainense，the dried flower powder of R.moulmainense was used as raw material，and the volume fraction of 95% ethanol was used as the extraction agent under the condition of 60 ℃ and solid-liquid ratio of 1∶10，and the condensation reflux extraction was carried out for 2 h. The extract was collected by filtration，and concentrated under vacuum and pressure to obtain the extract of R.moulmainense. At a mass concentration of 100 μg· mL^-1，the ethyl acetate extract EADJ-H exhibited inhibition rates of 73.87% and 56.97% on T lymphocyte proliferation induced by concanavalin A and B lymphocyte proliferation induced by lipopolysaccharide，respectively，and had no cytotoxicity to spleen lymphocytes of normal mouse，indicating that the extract of R.moulmainense had strong immunosuppressive activity，and had potential application value in the development of new immunosuppressive agents.

Continuous cropping obstacle is one of the common problems during continuous cultivation of Pinellia ternata，which causes the yield and quality of Pinellia ternata to decline，and seriously hinders the healthy development of Pinellia ternata industry. Isolation and identification of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria （PGPR） from the rhizosphere soil of healthy Pinellia ternata grown under continuous cropping were carried out in this study，and their seed germination-promoting effects and growth characterization were also validated. The isolation of the strain was carried out using the plate method. PGPR was screened out using Shanghaiqing seeds and Pinellia ternata seeds， and the growth-promoting characteristics were identified and evaluated based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis，phylogenetic analysis，and morphological feature analysis. The results showed that a total of 109 strains were screened from Pinellia ternata，among which BXGJ053 strain had the effect of promoting the germination of Shanghaiqing seeds and Pinellia ternata seeds，and had a significant（p<0.05））effec on the germination rate，root length and plant height of Pinellia ternata. The results of 16S rDNA sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis of BXGJ053 strain showed that the strain clustered with Priestia megaterium，and it was named as Priestia megaterium BXGJ053. BXGJ053 strain had the ability to lyse phosphorus，produce ion carriers and IAA. This study provides a theoretical basis for the ecological cultivation of Pinellia ternata.

Root segment propagation of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. can shorten the seedling raising time，and an appropriate length of root segments can reduce the consumption of seed roots and cut the production cost of seedlings. For this purpose，different planting lengths of S. miltiorrhiza root segments were set in this experiment，namely 5.5 cm，4.0 cm and 2.5 cm（denoted as T1，T2 and T3， respectively），and an equal-volume mixed solution of IBA and NAA under different concentrations were used for germination acceleration，to investigate the effects of 3 root segment lengths on the agronomic traits，yield，and contents of pharmacologically active ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhiza. The results showed that a 100 mg·L^-1 mixed solution of IBA and NAA in equal proportions was optimal for inducing germination of S. miltiorrhiza root segments，with a germination rate reaching 94.44%. The main inflorescence length，number of aboveground branches，and leaf area below the main inflorescence of T1 were significantly（p<0.05）higher than those of T3. However，no significant differences were observed among the three treatments in terms of the number of main inflorescence layers，plant height，number of pinnately compound leaves， main stem diameter， fresh root weight and dry root weight. The root-shoot ratio of T2 was significantly greater than that of T1 and T3. No significant differences were found among the 3 treatments in terms of plant harvest rate，yield per plot，and yield per 667 m2，and the yield of T1 reached 1 204.40 kg per 667 m2. The contents of tanshinones and salvianolic acid B in all treatments exceeded the requirements stipulated in Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China 2020. These findings indicated that planting length of root segments has no significant effect on the root yield of S. miltiorrhiza，and the contents of active ingredients meet the requirements. Therefore，the length of root segments can be reduced when planting，combined with pre-germination induction using growth hormones.

To clarify the effects of combined application of decomposed straw and biochar on soil nutrients，grape yield and quality，8 treatments were set up：CK（no fertilizer），T1（conventional fertilization），T2（low rate of conventional straw organic fertilizer），T3（high rate of conventional straw organic fertilizer），T4（low rate of new straw fertilizer A），T5（high rate of new straw fertilizer A），T6（low rate of new straw fertilizer B），and T7（high rate of new straw fertilizer B）. The results showed that T5 performed best in terms of yield per plant and single cluster weight，while also reducing titratable acidity and improving sugar-acid ratio. T6 significantly （p<0.05） increased total soluble sugar and vitamin C contents. Compared with CK，all treatments significantly affected soil pH value，organic matter content，available potassium content，available phosphorus content，and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content. T3 was most effective in increasing organic matter content，while T7 performed better in raising soil pH value and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content. Soil pH value showed significant negative correlations with available potassium content and available phosphorus content，while significant or highly significant （p<0.01） positive correlations were observed among organic matter content，available potassium content，available phosphorus content，and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content. The study indicated that combined application of biochar and decomposed straw had positive effects on grape yield，quality，and soil physicochemical properties，but further optimization is needed to enhance the improvement effects on soil organic matter and nutrient contents. Future research should focus on optimizing amendment formulations and evaluating long-term effects to better guide grape cultivation and soil improvement practices.

Beni Madonna variety experienced tree vigor decline（characterized by reduced leaf size and root rot）due to high flowering intensity，substantial fruit set，and prolonged fruiting periods，significantly compromising yield and quality. To address this issue，based on the growth characteristics of Beni Madonna，two fertilization strategies for enhancing tree vigor and improving quality were implemented in 2023 within the main production area of Taizhou City，Zhejiang Province：Treatment 1 aimed to enhance tree vigor；Treatment 2 aimed to improve fruit quality；traditional fertilization serves as the control group. The results demonstrated that implementing the “small amounts，multiple applications” fertilization approach using an integrated water-fertilizer system significantly outperformed traditional centralized fertilization，effectively addressing tree vigor decline and enhancing citrus quality in Beni Madonna variety. The vigor-enhancing treatment increased spring shoot length and leaf area by 87.73% and 55.79%， respectively， compared with the control，while the quality-enhancing treatment increased root volume by 90.91%. The high-quality fruit rates under both treatments rose by 17.12 and 13.60 percentage points， respectively，with soluble solids content in fruits increasing by 0.44 and 0.80 percentage points，albeit at the expense of lower large fruit rates. In conclusion，the two fertilization treatments employed in this study markedly surpass conventional centralized fertilization methods in promoting new shoot growth，strengthening root development，and improving fruit quality.

Yangguang 1 citrus is a new hybrid variety developed from a cross between the maternal parent Hongmeiren and the paternal parent Chunxiang. It features excellent traits such as easy peeling，tender flesh，and rich flavor. Although Yangguang 1 exhibits good storability，there is currently no reported research on the changes in its fruit quality during storage. This study used Yangguang 1 citrus fruit stored under room temperature（10-15 ℃）and low temperature（4-6 ℃）conditions as materials，periodically measuring fruit quality indicators，storage periods were 120 d. The results showed that during storage，the single fruit weight，transverse diameter，and titratable acid content continuously decreased. Fruit peel weight，fruit shape index，juice yield，soluble solids content，and vitamin C content initially increased and then decreased. The sugar-acid ratio and color index continuously increased. The edible rate first decreased and then stabilized. During the storage for 0-90 d，most indicators showed no significant difference between the two temperature conditions. Correlation analysis revealed that fruit size indicators（single fruit weight，longitudinal diameter，transverse diameter）were highly significantly（p<0.01）positively correlated with titratable acid content. Sugar-acid ratio and color difference index were significantly（p<0.05）or highly significantly negatively correlated with single fruit weight，transverse diameter，longitudinal diameter and titratable acid content. Comprehensive evaluation indicated that fruit flavor was best at 0 day and 30 days of room temperature storage，while the overall fruit quality was optimal at 60 days of low-temperature storage. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the promotion and application of Yangguang1 and the determination of its shelf-life.

To screen for high-quality cherry tomato varieties suitable for intelligent greenhouse cultivation，10 cherry tomato varieties were introduced and cultivated in this study. Their agronomic traits were investigated and comprehensively analyzed in combination with sensory evaluation. The results showed that 2 varieties，Ouxiuhuangying and Zixiaoke No. 1，exhibited superior overall performance. Ouxiuhuangying had yellow fruit color and high-round fruit shape，with certain ornamental value；its average single fruit weight was 31.40 g，with a relatively low fruit cracking rate. The sugar-to-acid ratio was 15.66，contributing to a well-balanced sweet-sour flavor and good taste. Its amino acid content was 2 600.75 μg·g^-1（on a fresh weight basis），indicating high nutritional value. Zixiaoke No. 1 had purple fruit color and high-round fruit shape，also with certain ornamental value. It exhibited an early first harvest date，facilitating early market supply，and had a long overall harvest period with good continuous fruiting habit. Its sugar-to-acid ratio was 15.32，with good flavor，and its vitamin C content was 315.3 μg·g^-1（on a fresh weight basis），also indicating high nutritional value.

To explore the optimal ratio of reduced chemical fertilizer and increased organic fertilizer in facility tomato production，tomato Pufen 5 was used as the experimental material. Seven treatments were set up，including no nitrogen fertilizer（CK），single application of chemical fertilizer（T1），conventional fertilization （commercial organic manure + chemical fertilizer（T2），10% reduction of basal chemical fertilizer with an additional 10% organic manure application （T3），20% reduction of basal chemical fertilizer with an additional 20% organic manure application （T4）， 30% reduction of basal chemical fertilizer with an additional 30% organic manure application （T5）， and 40% reduction of basal chemical fertilizer with an additional 40% organic manure application （T6）. The effects of replacing chemical fertilizer with commercial organic fertilizer on the growth，fruit quality，and soil physicochemical properties of facility tomatoes were studied，and different fertilization treatments were comprehensively scored through principal component analysis. The results showed that compared with CK and T1 treatments，T3，T4 treatments significantly（p<0.05）increased tomato plant height and stem thickness. However，there was no significant difference in the soluble solids content of tomatoes among different treatments. As the proportion of basal chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer supplementation increased，the plant height，yield，and input-output ratio of facility tomatoes showed an initial increase followed by a decrease，while soil available nutrient contents gradually increased. Principal component analysis was conducted on tomato plant height，stem thickness，SPAD value，fruit longitudinal diameter，fruit transverse diameter，fruit shape index，soluble solids content，yield，and input-output ratio. The comprehensive scores of different treatments were T4>T5>T6>T3>CK>T2>T1. Under the T4 treatment，that is，600 kg?hm^-2 chemical fertilizer and 18 000 kg?hm^-2 commercial organic fertilizer were applied as the basal fertilizer，and 300 kg?hm^-2 high potassium water-soluble fertilizer was applied as the topdressing，the highest tomato yield reached 4 272 kg per 667 m²，with an input-output ratio of 2.35.

Using seedlings of three eggplant varieties as experimental materials，a quadratic saturated D-optimal design was employed to investigate the regulatory effects of supplemental UV-B radiation during the dark period on eggplant seedling growth in protected cultivation. Mathematical models between seedling growth indicators and the seedling vigor index and UV-B radiation dose （including intensity and duration） were established，and the biological effects of UV-B radiation were systematically analyzed. The results showed that UV-B radiation significantly affected the growth indicators of eggplant seedlings，and the sensitivity to UV-B radiation varied among varieties. Model analysis revealed that with increasing UV-B radiation intensity or duration，plant height，shoot dry weight per plant，and root dry weight per plant of eggplant seedlings exhibited varying trends，while the seedling vigor index first increased and then decreased in all cases. There was a significant interaction between UV-B radiation intensity and treatment duration，and this interaction effect showed specificity among different varieties. Through simulation，the optimal UV-B radiation intensity and duration for cultivating vigorous seedlings of common eggplant in this experiment were 16.9-17.8 μW·cm^-2 and 4.2 h·d^-1，respectively；and for rootstock eggplant vigorous seedlings，the optimal values were 22.0-25.0 μW·cm^-2 and 1.6-3.3 h·d^-1，respectively.

In order to screen high-quality taste tomato varieties suitable for planting in Ouhai District，Wenzhou City，this study investigated the plant growth traits and fruit traits of 21 introduced taste/semi-taste tomato varieties. The results showed that among the 21 tomato varieties tested，Zhewei 4 had the smallest fruit longitudinal diameter（37.77 mm），transverse diameter（42.40 mm），and single fruit weight（42.37 g）. All tested varieties were multi-locule. The soluble solids contents of 7 taste tomato varieties，including Zhewei 4，S24262，Guanghui 101，Yuyi Suantianguo，Jingcai 8，Tianmi 1，and Ximanyuan，were higher than 9.00%. Through comprehensive evaluation and analysis，it was concluded that the comprehensive performance of taste tomato varieties S24262，Guanghui 101，Yuyi Suantianguo，Jingcai 8，Tianmi 1，and Ximanyuan were better，which were suitable for planting in Ouhai District，Wenzhou City.

To explore the differences in cherry tomato extracts obtained by different extraction methods，this study utilized headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry（HS-GC-IMS）technology combined with sensory evaluation to analyze the volatile components in cherry tomato extracts prepared by solvent reflux extraction，ultrasonic-assisted extraction，and supercritical extraction. The results showed that the sensory score of the extract obtained by solvent reflux extraction was the highest when added to cigarettes. A total of 39 volatile components were identified in cherry tomato extracts obtained by 3 extraction methods，mainly including acids，aldehydes，alcohols，ketones，and esters. The main volatile components in different cherry tomato extracts included salicylaldehyde，ethyl benzoate，2-methyldecanoic acid，methyl nonanoate，2-butanol，ethyl acetate，4-ketoisophoron M，and linalool oxide. In conclusion，the cherry tomato extracts obtained by different extraction methods are different.

To study the key agronomic traits for high-yield and efficient cultivation of purple yam，cultivation density，total amount and distribution ratio of topdressing were selected as test factors，and the effects of different levels of the tested factors on the yield and benefits of purple yam were analyzed. The results of path analysis showed that the three tested factors had a consistent trend in their effect on the yield and benefits of purple yam. The absolute value of direct path coefficient of topdressing distribution ratio on the yield and benefits of purple yam were the highest，while the indirect path coefficient of cultivation density and total amount of topdressing on yield and benefits through distribution ratio of topdressing were the highest. The direct path coefficient of the three tested factors on yield and benefits were all negative，while the indirect path coefficients were all positive. Among the three tested factors，the variation of one factor within a certain interval had varying degrees of positive effects on yield and benefits through the coordinated cooperation of the other two factors. However，distribution ratio of topdressing had highly significantly（p<0.01）and significantly（p<0.05）negative effects on yield and benefits of purple yam，which should be set at a low level within the experimental design interval. Using a regression mathematical model of yield and benefits，combined with the requirements of high yield and efficiency in large-scale cultivation of purple yam in actual production，with the goal of a yield greater than 2 000 kg per 667 m² and a benefit greater than 10 000 yuan per 667 m²，computer simulation optimization was carried out，and the main agronomic combination scheme was formulated based on actual production：cultivation density of 1 550-1 800 plants per 667 m²，total amount of topdressing of 53-67 kg per 667 m²，and the amount of tuber expansion fertilizer accounted for 50%-55% of the total amount of topdressing.

Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stresses restricting chili pepper （Capsicum annuum L.） production. This study elucidated the regulatory role and physiological mechanism of iron chlorine e6（ICE6），a novel plant growth regulator，in enhancing salt tolerance of chili pepper. A salt stress experiment with 200 mmol?L^-1 NaCl was conducted to systematically analyze the effects of exogenously sprayed ICE6 on seed germination，seedling growth，key physiological and biochemical indexes，and the expression of salt-tolerant genes. The results showed that compared with the NaCl treatment，the ICE6+NaCl treatment significantly（p<0.05）increased the seed germination rate by 31.66 percentage points and the germination index by 76.79%，while significantly reduced the relative salt damage rate，effectively mitigating the inhibitory effect of salt stress on seed germination of chili pepper. At the seedling stage，ICE6 application significantly alleviated salt stress symptoms. Compared with the NaCl treatment，the relative electrical conductivity of the ICE6+NaCl treatment significantly decreased by 18.61，25.07，26.72，12.02 and 7.73 percentage points at 12，24，36，48，60 h，and significantly elevated the activities of peroxidase（POD）and superoxide dismutase（SOD）at 6-24 h. After 24 h of ICE6+NaCl treatment，the expression levels of salt-tolerant genes CaNAC55 and CaEIL8 were significantly up-regulated. These findings lay a theoretical basis for the application of ICE6-based bioregulators in pepper cultivation，and provide a feasible strategy for improving salt tolerance in crops.

To elucidate the nutrient uptake and accumulation characteristics of the vegetable soybean cultivar Zhexian 9 in Cixi City and determine its optimal fertilization ratio，thereby providing a theoretical basis for precision balanced fertilization of vegetable soybeans，this study conducted field trials to measure the nutrient content in pods，stems，and leaves，and analyzed the plant's nutrient uptake ratios，the recommended balanced fertilization rates，and the fertilizer utilization efficiency. The results showed that the average values of N，K，S，Mg，Fe，Ca，B，P，Mo，Mn，and Cu in the dry matter of pods were 38.9 g·kg^-1，24.9 g·kg^-1，3.35 g·kg^-1，4.75 g·kg^-1，151.27 mg·kg^-1，9.30 g·kg^-1，42.45 mg·kg^-1，5.1 g·kg^-1，4.42 mg·kg^-1，55.74 mg·kg^-1，and 12.66 mg·kg^-1，respectively. The average values of N，K，S，Mg，Fe，Ca，B，P，Mo，Mn，and Cu in the dry matter of stems and leaves were 17.3 g·kg^-1，19.9 g·kg^-1，2.02 g·kg^-1，5.39 g·kg^-1，230.39 mg·kg^-1，22.49 g·kg^-1，31.00 mg·kg^-1，3.7 g·kg^-1，0.94 mg·kg^-1，111.42 mg·kg^-1，and 15.14 mg·kg^-1，respectively. When the target yield is 12 367 kg·hm^-2 and the application rates of N，P₂O₅，K₂O，Ca，Mg，S，Fe，Mn，B，Cu，Mo reach 173.91，58.20，153.11，94.00，28.90，15.64，1.10，0.489，0.221 kg·hm^-2 and 79.2，17.67 g·hm^-2，the balance of 11 nutrients can be maintained. The average ratio of absorption of N，P₂O₅，and K₂O is 19.86∶7.00∶18.82. The average ratios of Ca，Mg，S，Fe，Mn，B，Cu，and Mo are 100.00∶32.56∶17.50∶1.23∶0.53∶0.24∶0.089∶0.018. The utilization rates of N，P₂O₅，and K₂O fertilizers were 12.73%，-5.85%，and 3.93%，respectively. The agronomic efficiencies of N，P₂O₅，and K₂O fertilizers were 11.70，-5.44，3.63 kg·kg^-1，respectively. The relatively stable proportional relationships among the 11 elements identified in this experiment provide a scientific basis for developing precision fertilization schemes tailored to different cultivar types of edible soybeans and varying target yields.

This article explored the application effect of a new type of organic water-soluble fertilizer on facility cucumbers，aiming to lay the foundation for improving the quality and efficiency of facility cucumber production. In 2024，a field experiment was carried out in the cucumber planting area in Shengzhuang Town，Taishan District，Tai’an City to determine the yield，quality and other indicators of cucumber. The results showed that drip irrigation with earthworm extract and organic water-soluble fertilizer during the peak fruiting period had a significant effect on improving the yield and quality of cucumber. Compared with CK，the average single fruit weight and yield were highly significantly（p<0.01）increased by 39.94% and 38.80%，respectively. In terms of fruit quality，the soluble solids content highly significantly increased by 0.59 percentage points，the total soluble sugar content highly significantly increased by 1.50 percentage points，the organic acid content highly significantly decreased by 0.310 percentage points，the vitamin C content highly significantly increased by 34.13%，and the nitrate content highly significantly decreased by 5.05%. The results indicate that the new organic water-soluble fertilizer treatment can improve the yield and quality of facility cucumbers. Relevant analysis showed that the relative chlorophyll content （SPAD value） of leaves had a highly significant correlation with the yield and quality of cucumber.

To diversify market offerings and meet the requirements of different customers for cut chrysanthemum quality，this experiment used the cut chrysanthemum cultivar Huangxiao as material，set five pinching time treatments（2，4，6，8，and 10 days after light cessation），with no pinching as the control，to investigate the effects of pinching on phenotypic traits at flowering. The results showed that compared with the control，pinching increased the number of flower buds and the numbers of secondary and tertiary branches，while decreasing the number of primary branches，resulting in better overall plant fullness. Among the treatments，the numbers of flower buds and primary branches in plants pinched at 8 and 10 days after light cessation were higher than those pinched at 2，4，and 6 days after light cessation；the number of tertiary branches in plants pinched at 8 days after light cessation was significantly higher than that at 10 days. Comprehensive evaluation indicated that pinching at 8 days after light cessation resulted in the best overall plant fullness in cut chrysanthemum Huangxiao at flowering，meeting the requirements of domestic customers；while the non-pinched plants had a more slender plant type with compact and well-proportioned inflorescences，better meeting the requirements of overseas customers.

In this study，watermelon leaf samples showing symptoms of mosaic，chlorosis，and mottling were collected from Taizhou，Zhejiang Province. To identify the type of pathogen，total RNA was extracted from the diseased leaves and subjected to metatranscriptomic sequencing. Through sequence assembly and alignment，a novel virus belonging to the family Botourmiaviridae was identified and named Watermelon botourmiavirus 1（WBV1）. RT-PCR and DNA sequencing confirmed that the target sequences of the virus were present in 6 out of the 10 collected samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the RdRp protein of WBV1 shares high amino acid sequence identity with those of viruses in the genus Ourmiavirus，family Botourmiaviridae. This study provides the first report of WBV1 infecting watermelon plants in China，providing a theoretical basis for understanding the occurrence mechanisms and developing control strategies for this viral disease.

Given that traditional forest pest monitoring methods mainly rely on manual inspections and ground surveys，which have problems such as low efficiency，high cost，and limited coverage，this paper proposes a real-time monitoring method for forest pest disasters based on multispectral remote sensing and improved YOLOv8. Multispectral remote sensing images of forest pest disasters are acquired using a drone equipped with a multispectral camera， followed by smoothing and transformation processing to enhance image quality and reduce noise interference. By introducing attention mechanism to improve the conventional YOLOv8 model，and using the improved model to classify and recognize multispectral remote sensing images，real-time monitoring of forest pest disaster levels can be achieved. The case analysis results indicate that the research method can balance high real-time monitoring accuracy and speed of forest pest disasters，meeting the prevention and control needs of large-scale forest pest disasters.

As the primary staple crop in China，the pesticide residue status of paddy rice directly affects national health and food security，and influences the high-quality development of the rice industry. On March 1，2026，GB 2763-2026 National food safety standard-Maximum residue limits for pesticides in food was officially implemented，fully replacing GB 2763-2021 and GB 2763.1-2022. As a core cereal category，paddy rice has undergone systematic adjustments in its pesticide residue limits，regulatory scope，and testing methods. Based on the text of GB 2763-2026，this paper systematically reviews the specific residue limits for insecticides in paddy rice and compares them with insecticides registered for use on rice in China. The results show that among the 75 insecticide active ingredients registered for use on rice，45 have established maximum residue limit（MRL）for paddy rice，and 5 are exempted from the need for MRL，yielding a coverage rate of 66.7%. Among the 92 MRLs of insecticides for paddy rice，only 45 correspond to insecticides registered for use on rice，giving a match rate of 48.9%. This paper analyzes the matching degree of MRL coverage and the distribution of registered product quantities，aiming to provide technical references for rice growers，testing institutions，and regulatory authorities in implementing the new national standard and ensuring the quality and safety of paddy rice.

To clarify the matching status between pesticide registration and residue limit standards for Xiangshan Hongmeiren citrus cultivation，this study systematically reviewed the 3 869 registered pesticide products in citrus cultivation in China，and compared them with the 214 pesticide residue limits specified in GB 2763-2026 National Food Safety Standard-Maximum Residue Limits of Pesticides in Food which are relevant to Hongmeiren citrus. The results showed that among the registered pesticides，insecticides accounted for the highest proportion（43.3%），followed by fungicides（17.8%）and acaricides（17.1%），and these products were formulated from 208 active pesticide ingredients through different methods. A total of 114 pesticides overlapped between the registered products and the residue limit list，while 100 pesticides in the residue limit standard had not been registered，and 87 registered pesticides were not covered by the residue limit standard. Based on these findings，it is recommended that growers pay close attention to pesticide labeling，residue limit requirements，and group standards such as the Guidelines for Safe and Scientific Use of Pesticides in Citrus issued by the China Crop Protection Industry Association，which serve as a reference for pest and disease control throughout the entire citrus industry chain. This study aims to provide a reference for the rational selection and scientific use of pesticides in Hongmeiren cultivation.

To establish an analytical method for the residue of fenpyroximate in wolfberry and to study the residue behavior of fenpyroximate in wolfberry，the samples were extracted with acetonitrile，detected by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry，and quantified by the matrix-matched external standard method. The results showed that good linearity was achieved in the range of 0.000 2-0.040 0 mg·L^-1. At the spiked levels of 0.01，0.50 and 2.00 mg·kg^-1，the average recoveries of fenpyroximate in dried and fresh wolfberry ranged from 78% to 105%，with a maximum relative standard deviation of 9.4%，and the limits of quantification was 0.010 mg·kg^-1. The degradation test indicated that fenpyroximate degraded rapidly in fresh wolfberry at all test sites，and the degradation curves could not be fitted，while the half-lives in dried wolfberry were 3.9 and 4.3 d，respectively，in Yinchuan of Ningxia and Taiyuan of Shanxi， indicating that fenpyroximate is an easily degradable pesticide. Under the recommended application conditions，the residues of fenpyroximate in fresh wolfberry and dried wolfberry samples with a harvest interval of 7 d were <0.010 mg·kg^-1 and <0.010-0.045 mg·kg^-1，respectively. The maximum residue levels were all below the maximum residue limits established in China. Therefore，a pre-harvest interval of 7 d is recommended.

This experiment compared the growth performance，egg laying performance and breeding income of five dual-purpose meat and egg chicken breeds，including yellow feathered chicken A，yellow feathered chicken B，black feathered chicken C，black feathered chicken D and white feathered chicken E. The number of chickens of each breed was 750-850. Under captive conditions，white feathered chicken E had the highest weight at 18 weeks of age，while yellow feathered chicken A had the smallest. Yellow feathered chicken B had a good early growth advantage. The feed to weight ratio of yellow feathered chicken B and white feathered chicken E was low，while yellow feathered chicken A had the highest. In terms of egg laying performance，black feathered chicken C started laying earlier and had the highest egg laying rate. Except for black feathered chicken C，the average egg weights of other breeds of chickens did not exceed 48.0 g. The total breeding cost for five breeds of chickens was 75.60-84.30 yuan per chicken，and the breeding income was 68.80-94.50 yuan per chicken，with black feathered chicken D having the highest and black feathered chicken C having the lowest. Yellow feathered chicken B exhibited superior growth and egg laying performance，with higher breeding income compared with yellow feathered chicken A. Black feathered chicken C had outstanding egg laying performance，but the product price was low，which affected its breeding income. Black feathered chicken D had a higher price and the best breeding income due to its green-shelled eggs，which were higher than white feathered chicken E with the same green-shelled eggs.

To investigate the effects of different soil conditioners on the yield and quality of water bamboo grown in coastal saline-alkali soil，a soil improvement experiment was conducted using 75% high-purity humic acid，natural gypsum powder，and “Shidijia” saline-alkali soil conditioner to reduce soil salinity and alkalinity. The results showed that after planting water bamboo，soil pH value and water-soluble salt content decreased compared with those before planting，while the contents of organic matter，total nitrogen，available phosphorus，and available manganese increased to varying degrees. All three soil conditioners could improve the saline-alkali soil environment and increase the yield of water bamboo to a certain extent. Moreover，higher application rates of conditioners led to greater reductions in soil pH value and water-soluble salt content，indicating more pronounced amelioration of saline-alkali conditions. Among the treatments，The treatments with 4.2 kg of “Shidijia” saline-alkali soil conditioner and 390 kg of natural gypsum powder per 667 m2 were particularly effective in reducing soil salinity and alkalinity and increasing soil available nutrients. The water bamboo plants grown under these treatments were tall，exhibited strong disease resistance，and showed higher hull weight，net weight，and yield，suggesting their suitability for promotion and application in saline-alkali areas.

As a porous material rich in stable organic carbon，biochar exhibits significant potential in improving soil structure，enhancing aggregate stability，and increasing soil organic carbon content，and has become an important technical means for alleviating continuous cropping obstacles. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on the effects of different biochar application rates on aggregate stability and organic carbon in continuous cropping soils. It first elaborates on the basic characteristics of biochar and its application basis in the improvement of continuous cropping soils；then analyzes the effect patterns arising from differences in biochar application rates from three aspects：aggregate stability，organic carbon content and compositional changes，and physicochemical protection mechanisms. On this basis，it summarizes the intrinsic mechanisms by which biochar alleviates continuous cropping obstacles through the synergistic effects of structural improvement and carbon input. Existing studies indicate that biochar application can significantly increase the proportion of macroaggregates，mean weight diameter，and geometric mean diameter in soils，while also raising soil organic carbon content；most of these effects are positively correlated with application rate，but aggregate stability may show a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing at excessively high rates. Combined with meta-analysis results and typical case studies，this paper further summarizes the appropriate application rate ranges for different soil types and crop systems.

To investigate the effects of reduced nitrogen application combined with organic fertilizer on the rice-wheat rotation system，six treatments were set up：no potassium（NP），conventional fertilization（N100），15% nitrogen reduction based on conventional fertilization（N85），30% nitrogen reduction based on conventional fertilization（N70），15% nitrogen reduction based on conventional fertilization with organic fertilizer（MN85），and 30% nitrogen reduction based on conventional fertilization with organic fertilizer（MN70）. The results showed that compared with N100，MN85 significantly （p<0.05）increased the biomass of rice and winter wheat by 5.5% and 16.2%，respectively，and significantly increased potassium uptake in wheat grains and straw by 23.4% and 63.6%，respectively. Potassium fertilization increased straw potassium content and alleviated soil potassium deficit，but reduced internal potassium efficiency，and combined application of organic fertilizer decreased the partial factor productivity of potassium fertilizer. Compared with NP，MN85 significantly increased soil available potassium content，while no significant changes were observed in total potassium or slow-release potassium among treatments. In conclusion，15% nitrogen reduction combined with organic fertilizer performed best in both yield improvement and potassium balance，but attentions should be paid to the potassium release characteristics of organic fertilizer and the sustainability of soil potassium pool for the long-term application.

Straw return has become an important approach for straw resource utilization；however，the effects of full straw incorporation on soil physicochemical properties still require further investigation. This experiment was conducted in a rice-oilseed rape rotation system，with three straw return treatments（rice removed-oilseed rape returned，rice returned-oilseed rape returned，and rice returned-oilseed rape removed）and a control with all straw removed. Over a one-year period，we tracked the decomposition rates and nutrient release rates of straw，as well as changes in soil pH value，nutrient contents，aggregate distribution，and crop yields under different straw return treatments. The results showed that oilseed rape straw return significantly（p<0.05）reduced the decomposition rate of rice straw（by 10.43 percentage points）and the release rates of carbon and nitrogen（by 6.69 and 12.87 percentage points，respectively），but had no significant effect on the release rates of phosphorus and potassium. Furthermore，straw return treatments significantly increased soil available potassium content and enhanced soil aggregate stability.

This study investigated the effects of electrical conductivity（EC）and nutrient content on the seed germination index（GI）of 60 organic fertilizer products collected from different regions of Zhejiang Province. The results showed that the GI non-conformance rate of the tested organic fertilizers was high. Elevated EC levels reduced GI pass rates，with the highest GI pass rate（100%）achieved when EC was below 5 mS·cm^-1. High nitrogen and high potassium contents markedly affected GI，and the optimal GI pass rates and mean GI values were observed when total nitrogen content ranged from 1.22% to <3.00%，total phosphorus content from 2.00% to <3.00%，and total potassium content from 1.18% to <3.00%. The number of filter paper discs had little impact on seed germination rate and GI，whereas 5 mL of extraction solution was more suitable for GI determination in the NY/T 525-2021 Organic Fertilizers standard. The study demonstrates that reducing the EC of the extraction solution，optimizing the nutrient ratios，and decreasing the extraction solution volume can effectively increase GI.

This study systematically investigated the degradation mechanism and influencing factors of 6PPDQ by the PMS/Fe（Ⅵ）dual-oxidant system. The results demonstrated that the PMS/Fe（Ⅵ）system exhibited significant synergistic effects in the degradation of 6PPDQ，and the degradation efficiency far surpassed that of individual potassium peroxymonosulfate（PMS）or potassium ferrate（Ⅵ）［Fe（Ⅵ）］ systems. By regulating the molar ratio of PMS to Fe（Ⅵ），pH value，and reaction temperature，the degradation efficiency of 6PPDQ was significantly enhanced. Under the conditions of pH 8， 45 °C，and a 1∶1 molar ratio of PMS to Fe（Ⅵ），98% of 6PPDQ was removed within 30 min.Radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy （EPR） analysis revealed that singlet oxygen（¹O₂）and high-valent iron species［Fe（Ⅳ）/Fe（V）］played dominant roles in the degradation process，while the contributions of hydroxyl radical（·OH）were relatively minor. Fe（Ⅵ）exhibited a significant activation effect on PMS. Probe experiments further confirmed that PMS not only generated radicals through self-decomposition but also promoted the formation of high-valent iron species from Fe（Ⅵ），thereby enhancing the oxidative capacity of the system. This study demonstrated the synergistic effect of the PMS/Fe（Ⅵ）system in the degradation of 6PPDQ.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of fertilizer reduction combined with microbial fertilizer application on the yield，quality，and rhizosphere microbial community of Cyclocodon lancifolius. Using the Daheiguo variety as the experimental material，6 treatments were set up：no fertilization（CK），conventional rate of compound fertilizer（T1），conventional rate of compound fertilizer + microbial fertilizer（T2），85% compound fertilizer + 15% microbial fertilizer（T3），75% compound fertilizer + 25% microbial fertilizer（T4），and 65% compound fertilizer + 35% microbial fertilizer（T5）. By measuring soil physicochemical properties，microbial community structure，and fruit quality parameters，the results showed that reduced chemical fertilization improved soil conditions，with the T4 treatment bringing soil pH value closer to neutral，reducing electrical conductivity significantly（p<0.05）by 41.94% compared with T1，and the organic matter，ammonium nitrogen，available phosphorus，and available potassium contents significantly increased by 94.10%，45.97%，60.46%，and 35.27%，respectively，compared with T1. Microbial community analysis showed that，compared with T1，T4 significantly increased the Chao1，ACE，and Shannon indexes of bacteria by 60.26%，49.07%，25.14%，respectively，as well as the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bacillus. The T4 treatment exhibited the best quality indicators，with significantly higher contents of vitamin C，soluble solids，anthocyanins，total sugar，and flavonoids compared with CK and T1. Furthermore，the yield under T4 increased by 86.73% and 28.10% compared with CK and T1，respectively. This study demonstrated that replacing 25% of chemical fertilizer with microbial fertilizer effectively regulated the rhizosphere microbial community，thereby enhancing fruit yield and quality while improving soil conditions. These findings provided scientific support for the sustainable cultivation of Cyclocodon lancifolius.

Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides globally，but its residues in soil may lead to soil quality degradation and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes（ARGs），thereby affecting soil health. This study used Eisenia fetida as the test subject and set two different glyphosate residue levels（0.5 and 2.0 mg·kg^-1）based on current environmental residue conditions to investigate the effects of earthworm activity on soil nutrients，bacterial communities，and ARGs under glyphosate residue. The results showed that earthworm activity improved soil quality by promoting organic matter mineralization and increasing inorganic nitrogen accumulation. Additionally，earthworm activity altered the soil bacterial community structure，enhanced bacterial diversity，and reduced the abundance of pathogenic bacteria and ARGs. The interaction network between pathogenic bacteria and ARGs was also weakened. Functional prediction indicated that earthworm activity significantly（p<0.05）increased the abundance of genes related to xenobiotic metabolism，with an increase of 8.61%，which may be a key mechanism enhancing the soil bacteria's ability to degrade glyphosate. This study elucidates the mechanism by which earthworms improve the health of glyphosate-contaminated soil through dynamic changes in soil physicochemical properties，bacterial community structure，and the interaction network of ARGs. The findings provide theoretical and data support for the development of a bio-regulation-based soil health assessment system.

To investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer reduction on double-cropping rice yield，phosphorus（P）fertilizer efficiency and soil P supply capacity after returning Astragalus sinicus L. to the field，this study focused on the southern double-cropping rice system and established five treatments：no-fertilizer plot（CK），100% nitrogen application（N100），80% nitrogen application（N80），60% nitrogen application（N60），and 40% nitrogen application（N40），to examine the impacts of these different fertilization treatments on rice yield，P uptake，P balance，and soil available P content. The results showed that fertilization increased crop yield，with N100 treatment increasing grain yield significantly （p<0.05） by 47.5% compared with CK. Among the N reduction treatments，the yields of N80 and N60 showed no significant difference from N100，but the N40 treatment significantly reduced yield by 8.94%. The aboveground P uptake in the N100 treatment increased by 58.5% compared to CK. As N application decreased，plant P uptake and partial factor productivity of P fertilizer（PFP）showed a declining trend，with the N40 treatment reducing P uptake significantly by 16.1% and 15.3% compared with N100 and N80. The PFP of N40 treatment significantly decreased by 8.95%，7.32%，and 6.13% than N100，N80 and N60 treatments. Fertilization treatments significantly improved P balance，with the deficit in the N100 treatment reduced to 8.1 kg·hm^-2. N reduction treatments further alleviated the P deficit，with the N40 treatment showing a surplus of 7.7 kg·hm^-2. The soil available P content in fertilization treatments significantly increased by 52.8% to 79.0% compared with CK，with N reduction treatments demonstrating more pronounced improvements. In conclusion，under Astragalus sinicus L. incorporation，reducing N fertilizer application by 20% is a feasible optimization strategy. This level of N reduction maintains high rice yield（yield reduction <3%）while improving soil P status.

Vegetable industry is an important pillar industry to ensure market supply and increase farmers' income. This paper takes Huanggang City as the research object to systematically investigate the development status，existing problems and countermeasures of facility vegetable industry. The results show that the facility vegetable industry in Huanggang City has achieved remarkable results. In 2025，the sown area of facility vegetables in the city reached 28 900 hm²，with a yield of 1 027 000 t，and an industrial layout with Macheng City，Qichun County and Xishui County as the core production areas has been formed. The types of facilities are becoming increasingly diverse，the application of smart technology has achieved initial results，and the net benefit of facility cultivation is relatively high. However，there are still obvious shortcomings in the industrial development：the proportion of high-standard greenhouses（glass greenhouses and solar greenhouses）is only 10.04%，while that of old and dilapidated facilities accounts for as high as 44.50%，with insufficient adaptability and maintenance of facility structures，and prominent homogenization of varieties. At the same time，the construction cost of high-end facilities is high，and business entities face great financial pressure；the scale of business entities is generally small，and the coordination capacity of the industrial chain is weak. In view of the above problems，the following countermeasures are proposed：first，focusing on balanced development and local adaptation of facilities，and accelerating the renovation and upgrading of old facilities；second，building a diversified investment system of “government guidance-market operation-financial support”，and strengthening the construction of talent teams；third，extending the industrial chain，creating regional public brands，expanding the cluster of business entities，and promoting high-quality industrial development with multiple forces.

Agricultural advantageous and characteristic industrial clusters represent a higher evolutionary stage in agricultural industrial development，playing a positive role in advancing modern agriculture，enhancing agricultural competitiveness，promoting rural revitalization，and achieving common prosperity. Building upon relevant theories of industrial clustering，this paper constructed a logical analytical framework for understanding the formation of cluster effects within agricultural advantageous and distinctive industrial clusters. Using two major clusters in Zhejiang Province， Pan’an traditional Chinese medicinal herbs and Linhai tangerine，as case studies，the paper conducted a comparative analysis across dimensions such as location and resource endowments，value chain positioning，industrial organization and cluster governance structures，and the degree of industrial chain synergy. Based on these findings，the paper proposes several measures，including improving the entire industrial chain，fostering new industries and business models，optimizing operational mechanisms，and strengthening talent and technological support to comprehensively promote the high-quality development of agricultural advantageous and characteristic industrial clusters.

Agricultural wholesale markets are a vital component of the agricultural product distribution system，and the scientific rigor of their preliminary planning and design directly affects their long-term sustainable development. To address the limitations of existing research on the planning and design of agricultural wholesale markets，this study examined representative comprehensive agricultural wholesale markets in Jiangsu，Zhejiang and Shanghai and developed an integrated planning framework encompassing scientific decision-making，master planning，operational design，and elasticity research. The results revealed a bidirectional relationship between market positioning and site selection. Under different socioeconomic conditions，the two should be coordinated to establish a clear and coherent planning logic. As a key indicator of development intensity，a floor area ratio of approximately 1.0 appeared more conducive to market operations. Regarding the functional mix，an excessive proportion of supporting commercial facilities may undermine the core trading function of market. Internal traffic organization should therefore be a key consideration in planning research. Elasticity control should also incorporate a dual-use mechanism for routine operations and emergency response to enhance market resilience. These findings provide a reference for the planning and development of new agricultural wholesale markets.

To comprehensively reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of county economic development in Liaoning Province，this study constructed an evaluation index system based on data from 41 county-level administration regions from 2004 to 2023. The entropy method was adopted to calculate the comprehensive development index，and the Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition and spatial autocorrelation models were further applied to systematically analyze the temporal evolution，regional disparities，and spatial patterns. The results showed that the overall county economic development level in Liaoning Province exhibited a steady upward trend. In 2004，the county economic development index of most county-level administration regions ranged from 0.010 to 0.040，while by 2023 some county-level administration regions exceeded 0.200，with the highest reaching 0.250，indicating enhanced overall quality and vitality. Regarding regional disparities，the Dagum Gini coefficient decreased from 0.342 in 2004 to 0.266 in 2016，indicating convergence，but then gradually rose to 0.303 in 2023，displaying a dynamic evolution of first narrowing and then widening. Inter-regional disparity remained the primary source of overall inequality throughout the study period. Among the three regions，the coastal area exhibited the largest intra-regional disparity，the central urban agglomeration area was relatively balanced，and the northwest ecologically fragile area showed fluctuating disparity. In terms of spatial patterns，the global Moran's I index fluctuated between 0.026 and 0.069，indicating weak but consistently positive overall spatial autocorrelation. Local spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that counties such as Xinmin were persistently in high-high clustering areas，while Zhangwu remained in low-high heterogeneous areas，reflecting a notable path-locking effect. Overall，the county economic development in Liaoning Province is characterized by simultaneous overall improvement and regional divergence. Future efforts should further leverage the driving role of advantaged counties in coastal and central areas，strengthen spatial cooperation and balanced public services among counties，and promote leapfrog development in the northwest ecologically fragile area，so as to achieve coordinated and sustainable county economic development.

Driven by both consumption upgrading and the boom of the new-style tea beverage market，the traditional tea industry is undergoing profound transformation. Taking Quzhou City as a case study，this paper aims to explore the high-quality development path of the tea industry under the background of new-style tea beverages. The research shows that tea industry in Quzhou industry with a solid foundation in traditional premium tea，is accelerating its layout in the new-style tea beverage sector，and has achieved initial progress in industrial integration. However，bottlenecks still exist in terms of brand integration of premium tea，raw material supply for new-style tea beverages，industrial chain supporting facilities，and talent structure. To achieve the "ten-billion-yuan" industrial target on schedule，this paper proposes a dual-driven strategic concept of premium tea revitalization program and new-style tea beverage industry development program，along with specific implementation paths，aiming to provide theoretical references and practical suggestions for similar tea-producing regions.

Proanthocyanidins，as naturally occurring polyphenolic compounds in plants，are widely found in plant-derived foods such as grape seeds，pine bark，and apples. They exhibit multiple bioactivities including antioxidant，anti-inflammatory，and antitumor effects，and are extensively applied in the fields of food，biomedicine，and cosmetics. However，due to the complexity of plant matrices and the existence of proanthocyanidin in various polymeric forms，traditional spectrophotometric methods cannot effectively differentiate components with different degrees of polymerization. In contrast，high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC），with its advantages of high resolution and efficient separation，has become an important technique for the separation and analysis of proanthocyanidin. To provide a more solid theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the application of proanthocyanidin in food，medicine，and other fields，this paper systematically reviews the latest research progress on the bioactivities and detection methods of proanthocyanidin，and discusses the potential challenges in future studies，aiming to offer a systematic theoretical basis and scientific support for the efficient development，precise application，and industrial promotion of natural polyphenolic active substances.

Plant specialized metabolites exhibit remarkable structural diversity and pronounced lineage specificity. These compounds play important roles in plant defense，environmental adaptation，and interspecific interactions，and also represent valuable resources for the development of pharmaceuticals，foods，and natural products. By generating redundant genetic material，gene duplication enables metabolic enzymes to escape ancestral functional constraints and acquire novel catalytic activities，thereby serving as a major driving force in the diversification of plant specialized metabolism. Different modes of gene duplication vary in genomic scale，chromosomal location，and selective constraints，and consequently contribute differently to the coordinated retention of metabolic networks，the rapid expansion of enzyme families，and the remodeling of regulatory environments. Following duplication，gene copies may undergo loss，pseudogenization，dosage retention，subfunctionalization，or neofunctionalization. Through these evolutionary fates，duplicated genes promote metabolic diversity by altering pathway flux，modifying substrate and product specificity，reshaping expression patterns and subcellular localization，and facilitating the emergence of new metabolic branches and biosynthetic gene clusters. This review summarizes the major modes of gene duplication in plants and their evolutionary consequences for specialized metabolism，outlines the mechanisms underlying the retention and functional divergence of duplicated genes，and highlights representative advances in which gene duplication has driven the innovation of metabolic scaffolds，diversification of structural modifications，and emergence of new biosynthetic pathways. Future directions，including ancestral enzyme reconstruction，pan-genome analysis，and synthetic biology applications，are also discussed. This review provides a conceptual framework for understanding the evolutionary basis of plant chemical diversity and for facilitating the discovery and utilization of specialized metabolic resources.