The theory of “Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets” (abbreviated as the “Two Mountains Theory”) is an important theory put forward by Xi Jinping, then Party Secretary of Zhejiang Province, during his in-depth grassroots research while working in Zhejiang in 2005. By deeply summarizing the historical origin and theoretical connotation of the “Two Mountains Theory”, systematically analyzing the great achievements of Zhejiang Province in practicing the “Two Mountains Theory” in the past 20 years, such as implementing the “Thousand Villages Demonstration and Ten Thousand Villages Renovation Project”, developing “green agriculture”, creating “Beautiful Zhejiang”, promoting “rural operation”, and building “ecological civilization”, this study puts forward innovative paths for practicing the “Two Mountains Theory” in the new era, namely “creating lucid waters and lush mountains, protecting lucid waters and lush mountains, managing lucid waters and lush mountains, integrating lucid waters and lush mountains, revitalizing lucid waters and lush mountains, and sharing lucid waters and lush mountains”, as well as countermeasures and suggestions for deepening the reform of the system and mechanism.

Based on the analysis framework of “policy path-policy tool-policy evaluation”, this paper took the relevant policy text of agricultural green development issued by Zhejiang Province, the first pilot area of agricultural green development promoted by the whole province, as the object, and adopted content analysis method and policy modeling consistency (PMC) index model to systematically and quantitatively analyze the agricultural green development policy of Zhejiang Province. The results showed that the change of agricultural green development policy in Zhejiang Province was mainly caused by the institutional change path caused by external pressure in the early stage, and gradually by the internal self-adjustment path in the later stage. In general, the choice of policy tools showed a tendency to focus on the first generation of substantive policy tools based on control, and the second generation of procedural policy tools such as participation, cooperation and consultation. The overall evaluation grade of the six selected policies was “good”, indicating that the overall design of Zhejiang agricultural green development policy was reasonable, but there is still room for improvement.

As an important means for the construction of a demonstration zone for rural revitalization and common prosperity, the “local specialty” industry in Zhejiang Province has, in recent years, formed an industrialized development trend with rich categories and complete chains under the support of policies and market-driven forces, relying on the ecological background and resource advantages of the “Thousand Villages Demonstration and Ten Thousand Villages Renovation Project”. However, systematic research on the practice of the “local specialty” industry in Zhejiang Province is still insufficient. This article systematically reviews the current development status and layout of the “local specialty” industry in Zhejiang Province, analyzes the existing problems, and puts forward the path selection and countermeasures for the industry's development. The research results are conducive to enriching and improving the discussion on the “Zhejiang model” and “Zhejiang Experience” in the research of the “local specialty” industry.

Farmers' participation in garbage classification is a key link and core issue in the governance of rural human settlements. Using 480 micro household survey data and Probit model, this study analyzed the impact of neighborhood effect on farmers' garbage classification behavior and its interaction with the use of internet. Findings indicated that farmers' participation in garbage classification behavior exhibited a significant neighborhood effect, the deeper the neighborhood effect, the greater the possibility of farmers' participation in garbage classification. Neighborhood effect promoted farmers' participation in garbage classification behavior mainly by enhancing farmers' ecological awareness level. Notably, the use of internet will weaken the impact of neighborhood effect on farmers' participation in garbage classification. Based on these results, policy suggestions are proposed from aspects of boosting farmers' ecological awareness level, reducing internet access barriers, expanding information transmission channels, innovating governance mechanisms and building a diversified collaborative governance framework.

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), its application in agriculture has become increasingly widespread, presenting new opportunities for agricultural industry chain development. This study took Henan Province as a case to explore the advantages, constraints, and countermeasures for the integrated development of AI and agricultural industry chain, aiming to promote agricultural modernization. Through a systematic analysis of core concepts, key technologies, and application scenarios of AI in agricultural industry chain, combined with demand coupling theory, this study evaluated the integration potential of AI with agricultural industry chain in Henan Province. Case analysis was employed to examine practical effects of AI in improving resource allocation, risk dynamic control, and industrial chain collaboration. Field research and literature review were used to identify key constraints in the integration development. The results showed that AI had significant advantages in agricultural industry chain of Henan Province, including optimizing resource allocation, strengthening risk control, and promoting vertical collaboration. Its application value had been verified through practical cases. However, integration development faced constraints such as weak development foundations, complex industrial chains, weak main forces, and imperfect institutional mechanisms. To promote the deep integration of AI and agricultural industry chain in Henan Province, it is suggested to formulate countermeasures from the aspects of introducing and cultivating artificial intelligence enterprises and teams, improving innovation layout, optimizing development mechanisms, and strengthening policy supply. This study provides theoretical basis and practical reference for the development of regional agricultural intelligence.

Rural integrated reform is an important measure to promote common prosperity in agriculture and rural areas. Based on the practical research of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou City, one of the first batch of pilot areas for rural integrated reform in Zhejiang Province, this article sorts out the basic framework of the rural integrated reform for strengthening rural areas and enriching farmers in Xiaoshan District, analyzes the problems faced by the integrated reform such as the imbalance of rural collective economy and the need to improve the management mechanism of strong rural companies, and distilles innovative paths that focus on shortcomings and backwardness, focus on self-sustaining, and focus on standardized operation. The study has put forward countermeasures and suggestions such as strengthening the leading role of Party building, standardizing the operation of strong rural companies, and deepening digital empowerment. This study not only provides action support for Xiaoshan District to continuously deepen reforms and consolidate the achievements of strengthening rural areas and enriching farmers, but also helps the similar regions solve common problems such as unbalanced rural development and weak collective economic income growth across the country. It provides practical samples for promoting the integrated reform of rural areas and the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, offers practical guidance for the integrated reform of rural areas, helps standardize operation and digital transformation, and effectively promotes the implementation and effectiveness of strengthening rural areas and enriching farmers.

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River feature a humid climate, fragmented farmland, and intensive cropping systems. These natural and agricultural conditions pose common challenges to the comprehensive utilization of crop straw in this region. By using Ningbo, China, as a case study, an in-depth analysis was conducted into the current status and prominent issues in local straw utilization, and a series of countermeasures were put forward, including establishing a mechanism for controlled burning of straw, promoting scientific straw return to fields, fostering and scaling up straw utilization enterprises, and improving the straw collection, storage and transportation system, to provide reference for improving the level of comprehensive straw utilization in the region, thereby facilitating the coordinated advancement of ecological conservation and agricultural development.

Kaihua Qingshui fish, as an important agricultural cultural heritage and geographical indication product in Kaihua County, Zhejiang Province, has attracted much attention for its unique breeding mode and quality advantages. This article provides an overview of the history, culture, industry status, and main breeding models of Kaihua Qingshui fish. It focuses on analyzing the problems of the current mainstream two-stage breeding model of “pond fast breeding+mountain spring clean breeding”, including the dependence on germplasm resources from other regions, stress reactions caused by long-distance transportation, the risk of pathogen transmission due to inadequate quarantine, and the adaptive pressure caused by changes in the breeding environment. This study has shown that these factors collectively lead to the frequent occurrence of diseases such as overwintering syndrome, saprolegniasis, and ichthyophthiriasis, seriously affecting the sustainable development of the industry. In response to the above issues, this article proposes the following suggestions: establish a localized germplasm resource protection and seedling cultivation system; optimize the nutritional feeding strategy during the mountain spring clean breading; strengthen immune and disease prevention before overwintering. This study can provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for the healthy development and disease prevention and control of Kaihua Qingshui fish industry.

To clarify the performance of yield and quality of rice cultivar Jiahexiang 1 in Yuhang District, Hangzhou City, a comparative experiment with different fertilization methods was conducted in 2022 and 2023, respectively. The results showed that in 2022, treatment 1 (basal application of controlled-release organic fertilizer) promoted early tillering but was unfavorable to panicle formation at later stages. Treatment 2 (reduce application rate of controlled-release organic fertilizer in 2 splits) showed no promotion effect on either early tillering or late panicle formation. Treatment 4 (applying inorganic compound fertilizer in 2 splits) exhibited superior performance in panicle number, total grains per panicle, filled grains per panicle, and 1 000-grain weight, resulting in the highest yield. Treatment 3 (applying inorganic compound fertilizer in 3 splits) ranked second in yield, however, it showed the lowest chalkiness degree and chalky grain rate, with both chalkiness and transparency grades reaching the first class. It also had the lowest amylose content (first-class grade) and the lowest protein content, indicating better comprehensive quality. In 2023, treatment 6 (applying inorganic compound fertilizer with increased nitrogen rate) achieved the highest yield, followed by treatment 5 (“one basal plus one topdressing” application of controlled-release organic fertilizer), while treatment 4 had the lowest yield. Treatment 5 showed the highest brown rice rate and milled rice rate, as well as the lowest chalkiness degree, indicating relatively better processing and appearance quality. In conclusion, applying inorganic compound fertilizer in 3 splits in 2022 or using the “one basal plus one topdressing” method with Haolegeng controlled-release organic fertilizer in 2023 helped Jiahexiang 1 improve the comprehensive quality. This study provides a theoretical basis for the promotion and cultivation of this rice cultivar in Yuhang District.

To explore fertilizer reduction and efficiency enhancement technology in rice, a field experiment was conducted using slow-release fertilizer combined with humic acid urea. Four reduced-fertilizer treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4), a conventional fertilization treatment (T5), and a blank control (T6) were designed. The yield, economic benefit, and fertilizer utilization efficiency of the rice cultivar Jiayou Zhongke 3 were evaluated under each treatment. The results showed that compared with the T5 treatment, the yields of T1, T2, and T3 treatments increased, while the yield of T4 treatment decreased. All reduced-fertilizer treatments (T1-T4) exhibited improved economic benefit, partial fertilizer productivity, and partial nitrogen productivity. The amount of nitrogen application was the key factor affecting rice yield, while the application of P₂O₅ and K₂O had little impact on the yield and economic benefits of Jiayou Zhongke 3. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing fertilizer reduction and efficiency enhancement technology for Jiayou Zhongke 3.

To explore the rational utilization level of nitrogen fertilizer for late direct-seeding rapeseed under rice-rapeseed rotation system in western Zhejiang Province, a 2-year field experiment was conducted using the new rapeseed variety Zheda 649 as the test material. Four treatments were set up, namely T1 (control, no nitrogen fertilizer), T2 (nitrogen application rate of 90 kg·hm^-2), T3 (nitrogen application rate of 180 kg·hm^-2), and T4 (nitrogen application rate of 270 kg·hm^-2). Compared with the control group, the application of nitrogen fertilizer could significantly (p<0.05) increase the yield of rapeseed as well as its plant height, effective branch number and pod number per plant. Among them, there was no significant difference in the yield of rapeseed between T3 and T4 treatments, but both were significantly higher than that of T2 treatment. In addition, the application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the protein content and oil production, which had higher economic value. Among them, the yield and oil production of T3 treatment were both the highest. Taking the yield, oil production and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency of rapeseed into account comprehensively, the recommended nitrogen fertilizer application rate for late direct-seeding rapeseed under rice-rapeseed rotation system in western Zhejiang Province is 180 kg·hm^-2.

In order to promote the development of rapeseed industry in Yuhang District, this study carried out a display and evaluation experiment of 33 new rapeseed varieties from Zhejiang Province, using regional comparison and random arrangement. By comprehensively applying methods such as field observation, data collection and analysis, multi-dimensional indicators including the growth period, agronomic traits, yield and stress resistance of rapeseed were determined. The results showed that the growth period of each variety ranged from 210 to 223 days, the plant height ranged from 128.41 to 174.71 cm, and the yield ranged from 89.34 to 176.01 kg per 667 m². The rapeseed variety Zheza 913 was selected as the most suitable for planting in Yuhang District, which provided strong variety support and scientific basis for the development of local rapeseed industry.

Variety traits can affect the mechanized harvesting effect of vegetable peel soybeans, but the key traits causing the impact remain unclear. This study determined the agronomic traits (growth period, plant height, bottom pod height, etc.) and harvesting effect indicators (stem retention rate, scattering rate, damage rate, wire drawing rate, etc.) of 20 vegetable peel soybean varieties/strains, and conducted Pearson correlation analysis. The results showed that the main traits affecting the mechanized harvesting effect of vegetable peel soybeans include bottom pod height, pod distribution, pod maturity, and pod length etc. Based on the above results and combined with production experience, it was speculated that the toughness of pod vegetable peel, the firmness of pod attachment, and the toughness of pod edge fibers were also important traits affecting mechanized harvesting effect. Therefore, it was necessary to pay attention to the above traits and improve them in the breeding of vegetable soybean for mechanized harvesting. This study clarified the breeding direction of vegetable peel soybean varieties suitable for mechanized harvesting, which could make breeding work more targeted and accelerate the breeding process, and was of great significance for the sustainable development of the vegetable soybean industry.

To investigate the effects of intercropping sweet potato with tobacco on the tobacco rhizosphere soil microbial diversity and to provide a theoretical basis for the promotion of this cropping pattern, Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology was employed to compare the microbial diversity and community composition in the tobacco rhizosphere soil under two treatments: tobacco-sweet potato intercropping and tobacco monoculture. The results showed that, compared with tobacco monoculture, intercropping with sweet potato reduced the α-diversity of the fungal community in the rhizosphere soil. At the bacterial phylum level, the relative abundances of Acidobacteriota and Firmicutes increased by 3.29 and 1.82 percentage points, respectively, under intercropping, while those of Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, and Chloroflexi decreased by 2.70, 1.16, and 1.82 percentage points, respectively. At the fungal phylum level, the relative abundances of Mortierellomycota, Basidiomycota, and unclassified_k_Fungi increased by 3.01, 1.94, and 0.91 percentage points, respectively, whereas that of Ascomycota decreased by 5.92 percentage points. At the bacterial genus level, the relative abundances of norank_f_Vicinamibacteraceae, norank_f_norank_o_Vicinamibacterales, Bacillus, RB41, and norank_f_norank_o_Gaiellales increased by 0.67, 0.86, 1.47, 0.67, and 0.15 percentage points, respectively, under intercropping. In contrast, the relative abundances of norank_f_JG30-KF-CM45, norank_f_67-14, norank_f_Gemmatimonadaceae, norank_f_norank_o_ norank_c_KD4-96, Blastococcus, Streptomyces, and Solirubrobacter decreased by 0.43, 0.01, 0.37, 0.21, 0.31, 0.25, and 0.15 percentage points, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated that soil pH value significantly influenced the rhizosphere microbial community, exerting notable effects on Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, Ascomycota, and Mortierellomycota. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the promotion and application of the tobacco-sweet potato intercropping pattern.

To enhance fertilizer utilization and improve soil nutrient levels in tobacco fields, thereby increasing tobacco yield and quality, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of four fertilizer synergists, including chitosan(T2), diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA-6)(T3), brassinolide(T4), and polyaspartic acid(T5), on soil nitrogen content, enzyme activity, agronomic traits of flue-cured tobacco, and economic characteristics of cured tobacco leaves. The results showed that the application of different fertilizer synergists increased the content of total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, and nitrogen in microbe in the soil. Specifically, T3 treatment resulted in the highest total nitrogen content at the rosette and budding stages, while T4 treatment showed the highest total nitrogen content at the maturity stage. The highest alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content was observed in T5 treatment at the rosette stage, T3 treatment at the budding stage, and T2 treatment at the maturity stage. T3 treatment achieved the highest soil nitrogen content in microbe at the rosette stage, while T5 showed the highest levels at both the budding and maturity stages. All fertilizer synergists increased the activities of soil sucrase, protease, and catalase across the three growth stages. Additionally, the application of fertilizer synergists improved the yield, output value, average price, and proportion of high-grade cured tobacco leaves, with the T3 treatment performing the best. Overall, DA-6 demonstrated comparatively good effects as a fertilizer synergist.

To investigate the effects of different organic fertilizer application rates on the growth, yield, and quality of flue-cured tobacco, Yunyan 87 was used as the test material. Five organic fertilizer application levels were set: 79.8 (A1), 106.4 (A2), 133.0 (A3), 159.6 (A4), and 186.2 (A5) g per seedling. Parameters including the growth period, agronomic traits, photosynthetic characteristics, soil physicochemical properties, yield and chemical components of cured tobacco leaves were measured. The results showed that treatments A4 and A5 prolonged the growth period of flue-cured tobacco and improved field uniformity. The net photosynthetic rate, soil total nitrogen, available potassium, and organic matter contents in treatment A5 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in other treatments. Additionally, the cured tobacco leaves under A5 exhibited the highest yield, most harmonious chemical composition and the highest sensory evaluation score of smoking. In conclusion, the organic fertilizer application rate in treatment A5 is considered suitable, as it effectively promotes tobacco growth and improves the quality of flue-cured tobacco.

To identify the optimal tillage method for sesame production, the variety Luozhi 22 was used as the test material, and four different tillage treatments were established to compare the leaf area index and plant height of sesame at different growth stages, as well as the agronomic traits, yield, and economic benefits at maturity. The results showed that compared with the control (CK), both T2 and T3 treatments increased sesame yield and economic benefits. Among them, the T2 treatment achieved the highest yield, which was 15.31% higher than that of CK, and the highest net income, which increased by 8.09% compared with CK. The T3 treatment ranked second, with a yield increase of 9.60% and a net income of 30 366 yuan·hm^-2, representing a 7.34% increase compared with CK. This study provides a theoretical basis for selecting appropriate tillage methods in sesame cultivation.

Traditional primary processing of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua often suffers from low efficiency due to variations in steaming equipment and grading standards. In this study, a roller kiln was used to replace conventional steaming tools for fixation, followed by drying in the same kiln, to explore a mechanical primary processing method for Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. Tubers were classified into large, medium, and small sizes based on diameter. By measuring the moisture, ash, polysaccharide, and extract contents under different fixation and drying durations, the effects of processing time on quality were analyzed to optimize the mechanical primary processing parameters. The results indicate that in practical production, the fixation time can be set according to large tubers, i.e., 18.5 hours, while drying time should be graded according to tuber size. This approach effectively ensures that the processed tubers meet the pharmacopoeial standards for moisture, ash, and extract content, while maintaining high polysaccharide levels.

To investigate the effects of different plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the quality of Peucedanum praeruptorum and the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) content in the rhizosphere soil, and to provide a reference for the development of microbial fertilizers and field cultivation of P. praeruptorum, this study established nine treatments inoculated with different PGPR strains, using sterile saline inoculation as the control (CK). The results showed that all PGPR treatments significantly (p<0.05) increased the content of praeruptorin A and praeruptorin B in the roots of P. praeruptorum. Except for a few treatments, most treatments increased the N, P, and K content in the roots and rhizosphere soil to varying degrees. The absorption capacity of the roots for the N,P,and K elements followed the order: P>N>K. Correlation analysis revealed that the content of praeruptorin A was significantly positively correlated with root nitrogen content, while the content of praeruptorin B was significantly negatively correlated with root nitrogen content and significantly positively correlated with soil phosphorus content. In conclusion, PGPR inoculation can effectively enhance the N, P, and K content in the rhizosphere soil and promote the accumulation of medicinal components, thereby improving the quality of P. praeruptorum.

In order to select high-quality and high-yield new varieties of Dendrobium officinale suitable for promotion in Zhejiang Province, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of the Dendrobium officinale industry. We selected the high-quality wild Dendrobium officinale germplasm from the Yandang Mountain as experimental materials. After years of self pollination and breeding, the excellent strain Yanhu 1 was selected from its offspring seedlings. Continuous regional trials of agronomic traits, yield, and quality of varieties was conducted from 2021 to 2024. The results showed that there were significant (p<0.05) differences between Yanhu 1 the control variety and Xianhu 1 (Zhejiang Medicine No. 2008003) in both stem diameter and stem fresh weight. Among them, Yanhu 1 had an average stem diameter of 8.01 mm, which was significantly higher than the control variety Xianhu 1 by 37.39%. In terms of yield, compared with Xianhu 1, Yanhu 1 in 20 and 30 months of growth showed significant improvements in both stem and leaf fresh weight. In 30 months of growth, the average stem fresh weight reached 1 400 g·m^-2, with a highly significant (p<0.01) difference. In a growth period of 20 and 30 months, the average total yield of Yanhu 1 was 875.5 and 2 796.3 g·m^-2, which was equivalent to 583.96 kg and 1 865.13 kg (calculated as 667 m²), respectively, higher than the control variety Xianhu 1. In terms of quality, the various component detection indicators of Yanhu 1 complied with the provisions of the Pharmacopoeia (2020 Edition). When the growth period was 20 months and 30 months, the polysaccharide content of Yanhu 1 was 40.26% and 41.99%, respectively, which were higher than the provisions of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China: Part 1(2020 Edition), and increased by 10.08, 12.94 percentage points compared with Xianhu 1. The experimental results indicated that Yanhu 1 has better agronomic traits, higher yield, better quality, and higher medicinal value, which can be used as an excellent new variety of Dendrobium officinale for promotion and planting throughout the province.

Low temperature is one of the crucial environmental factors that limit plant productivity and geographical distribution, severely affecting plant growth and development. Mining cold-resistant germplasm and conducting in-depth research on its mechanism of action are of great significance for improving the cold resistance of crops. Dendrobium officinale is a traditional and precious Chinese medicinal herb in China, with unique effects such as promoting saliva secretion and nourishing the stomach, nourishing yin and clearing heat, and moistening the lungs and tonifying the kidneys. It is ranked first among the “nine great immortal herbs of China”. With the development of wild-simulation cultivation technology and the gradual northward expansion of Dendrobium officinale planting areas, the breeding of cold-resistant Dendrobium officinale varieties is particularly important. In this study, transcriptome data of Dendrobium officinale under low-temperature treatment were deeply mined to obtain key DoNPF genes involved in low-temperature response. Based on the published genome data and transcriptome data of Dendrobium officinale, bioinformatics methods were used to identify members of the DoNPF gene family, and their gene structures and gene expressions were analyzed. Finally, 8 DoNPF genes with significantly (p<0.05) differential expression involved in low-temperature response were screened out. This study is of great significance for improving the cold resistance of Dendrobium officinale and breeding cold-resistant Dendrobium officinale varieties.

Using Ding'ao bayberry from Chashan, Wenzhou as the experimental material, this study explored the effects of different trellis on the yield and fruit quality of Chinese bayberry. The results showed that under stand-picking conditions, single plant yield of Chinese bayberry with full steel pipe vertical trellis was 43.44 kg, with a commercial fruit rate of 72.75%, which increased by 121.18% and 28.99 percentage points compared with the control. Both full steel pipe vertical trellis and bamboo flat trellis did not affect the appearance and quality of Chinese bayberry fruit, which were beneficial for reducing total acid content and increasing sugar-acid ratio. Chinese bayberry with full steel pipe vertical trellis was more delicious, with total flavonoid, total amino acid, and glucose contents of 1.19, 8.31, and 8.08 mg·g^-1, which were 14.42%, 8.63%, and 15.26% higher than that of control. The total acid content was 9.78 g·kg^-1, a decrease of 6.50% compared with the control. The sugar-acid ratio was 25.96. In summary, the use of full steel pipe vertical trellis has a significant effect on improving the yield, fruit quality, commercial fruit rate, and high-quality fruit rate of Ding'ao bayberry.

In order to identify and analyze the gene family of ascorbate peroxidase in Prunus salicina, this study used Longzhong as the research material, combined with previously obtained transcriptome data, searched and designed primers using the Chinese plum genome sequence as a template. After PCR, molecular cloning, and sequence analysis verification, six APX genes in Prunus salicina were successfully isolated (PsAPX-1a, PsAPX-1b, PsAPX-1c, PsAPX-1d, PsAPX-1e and PsAPX-1f). An amino acid deletion site on PsAPX-1f was found by NCBI, which prevents PsAPX-1f forming a complete target gene. Submit PsAPX-1a, PsAPX-1b, PsAPX-1c, PsAPX-1d, and PsAPX-1e sequences to GenBank and obtain login numbers PP277487, PP277488, PP277489, PP277490, PP277491 respectively. Multiple sequence alignment revealed that the similarity between PsAPX-1a, PsAPX-1b, PsAPX-1c, PsAPX-1d, and PsAPX-1e ranged from 98.8% to 99.7%. It was found that PsAPX-1a contained a 3' UTR of 79 bp as well as 3 exons and 2 introns, 5' UTR was not included. There was an open reading frame of 1 656 bp encoding 552 amino acids. Protein structure prediction showed that the PsAPX-1a protein had an APX conserved domain, which had high homology with green plum, apricot, and peach. The protein sequence is related to the stress resistance and flowering of Prunus salicina. This study provides a reference for exploring the molecular mechanism of regulating ascorbic acid metabolism in Prunus salicina.

Edible lilies are perennial herbaceous plants with important economic, medicinal, and ornamental values originating from China. In this study, CodonW and SPSS software were used to perform codon usage bias analysis on the chloroplast genomes of different edible lily varieties, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed based on chloroplast genome sequences. The results showed that the codon adaptation index (CAI) of the chloroplast genome of edible lily ranged from 0.642 to 0.644, and the effective number of codons (ENC) ranged from 55.185 to 55.529. The codon usage bias of the chloroplast genome was relatively weak. The GC contents at different positions of codons were 37.19% (1st position), 37.29% (2nd position), and 36.56% (3rd position), respectively. Using ENC-plot, PR2-plot, and neutral plot analysis, it was found that selection pressure was an important factor affecting the codon usage bias in the chloroplast genome of edible lily. Comparing the effects of different base positions of codon, the composition of the third base has a significant (p<0.05) impact on codon usage bias. Twelve optimal codons were obtained through optimal codon analysis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the codon usage characteristics of closely related species in the edible lily genus were similar, and the genetic relationship between Lilium brownii var. viridulum and Lilium davidii var. unicolor was relatively close. In terms of pseudogenomics of chloroplast genomes, the Lilium brownii var. viridulum was more similar to the Lilium lancifolium. This study provides a theoretical basis for the systematic evolution, species classification, and chloroplast genetic engineering of lily.

To explore the application effect of biological nano-selenium fertilizer replacing partial chemical fertilizers in the actual production of cherry tomatoes, this study conducted field experiments using Zheyingfen 1 as the tested tomato variety. Through the comprehensive analysis of the growth status, yield and fruit quality of cherry tomato plants, the optimal proportion of biological nano-selenium fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizers was screened. The results showed that the replacement of chemical fertilizer with biological nano-selenium fertilizer had positive effects on plant growth, fruit quality and yield of cherry tomato, among which the application effects of biological nano-selenium fertilizer replacing 70% of chemical fertilizers was the best. Compared with the control group, the plant height increased by 13.46%, the yield increased significantly (p<0.05) by 33.51%, and the single fruit weight increased by 26.32%. Moreover, the qualities of soluble solid content, soluble sugar content, vitamin C content and selenium content were effectively improved. The results of this study provide reference for reducing fertilizer usage and increasing efficiency in the production process of cherry tomatoes.

To investigate the effects of wood vinegar water-soluble fertilizer on watermelon growth and soil improvement, a field experiment was conducted in the saline-alkali region of Xinjiang, China, using Jincheng No. 5 watermelon as the test material. Treatment with application of wood vinegar water-soluble fertilizer and a control without it were established, and soil physicochemical properties as well as the growth, yield and quality of watermelon were systematically measured. The results showed that compared with the control, the application treatment improved the soil quality, as the pH value was significantly (p<0.05) decreased by 8.86% and contents of ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were significantly increased by 23.37%, 19.38%, and 19.75%, respectively. The application treatment also promoted the growth and development of watermelon, significantly increased the relative chlorophyll content (SPAD value) by 41.43%; The fruit diameter, longitudinal diameter, and single fruit weight increased significantly by 10.40%, 12.47%, and 43.34%, respectively, resulting in effective improvements in both visual quality and yield. In conclusion, the application of wood vinegar water-soluble fertilizer is an effective agronomic measure for ameliorating saline-alkali soil and improving watermelon quality and yield.

Zhenongmi 1 is a new medium-ripening green-peeled cantaloupe variety with a reticulated pattern, bred from the hybrid selection of the green-peeled cantaloupe purified line GHM4 as the female parent and the self-inbred line GHM5 as the male parent. The fruit was oval with a shape index of 1.54, the average fruit weight was 2.05 kg, the rind color was greenish-green, and the flesh color was orange, with a flesh thickness of 3.74 cm. The central sugar content of the fruit was 16.2%, with a crisp texture and high moisture content. The fruit development period of Zhenongmi 1 was about 48 days, with an average 667 m² yield of 2 577.8 kg. It was resistant to storage and transportation, low temperature, powdery mildew, and downy mildew. In September 2023, it was registered as a non-major crop variety by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, suitable for spring greenhouse cultivation in Zhejiang Province. In addition, this article proposed suitable cultivation techniques based on the characteristics of Zhenongmi 1 variety.

In order to verify the application effect of Ruikangdun microbial agent on continuous cropping small-fruit watermelon, this experiment used the Jingmei 2K small-fruit watermelon variety as the test material, analyzed the effects of different concentrations of Ruikangdun microbial agent on plant growth, yield, quality, and soil physicochemical properties indicators, and explored the optimal application method and concentration, to provide guidance for the promotion and application of Ruikangdun microbial agent. The results showed that the 667 m² yield of CS-500 treatment increased by 24.61% compared with CS-CK, while the 667 m² yield of ZG-200 treatment increased by 17.60% compared with ZG-CK. The 667 m² yield of CS-500 treatment increased by 6.58% compared with ZG-200. The edge sugar and center sugar contents of the flushing treatment and root dipping treatment were above 10.00% and 11.00%, respectively. The edge sugar content of ZG-200 treatment significantly (p<0.05) increased by 1.48 percentage points compared with ZG-CK, and the center sugar content significantly increased by 0.96 percentage points compared with ZG-CK. In summary, Ruikangdun microbial agent can promote the absorption of soil nutrients by watermelon plants, promote plant growth, and improve fruit yield and quality. When planting continuous cropping small-fruit watermelon, the first step is to dip the roots with a 200-fold dilution of Ruikangdun microbial agent, and then flush with a 500-fold dilution of Ruikangdun microbial agent at least three times for a better effect.

In order to screen out high-yield and excellent comprehensive traits of taste tomato, this study took 15 taste tomato varieties as research objects, yield-related indexes and agronomic traits were measured, and taste tomato varieties were comprehensively analyzed through a combination of principal component analysis and affiliation function analysis. The results showed that six varieties had a fruit setting rate higher than 80.0%. The average single fruit weight of 15 varieties was 89.3-181.2 g, plant height was 163.2-201.9 cm, stem thickness was 11.5-15.7 mm. The coefficient of variation of 12 agronomic traits ranged from 6.18% to 56.85%, the principal component analysis abstracted five principal components, and the variance contribution rate accrued to 82.477%, which could represent the agronomic traits of taste tomato to a large extent. This study selected three varieties with high yields, P121, KG1636, and 910, which have excellent comprehensive agronomic traits, multiple flowers per inflorescence, and high fruit setting rate.

Vitis davidii Foëx is an important wild resource in China, with rich nutrients and strong resistance, but small fruit size, multiple seeds, low sugar content, and no aroma. This study investigated the effects of commonly used treatments such as GA, CPPU, TDZ, ABA, BR, and MeJA on the seedlessness, fruit expansion and fruit quality of Vitis davidii Foëx. The results showed that the single fruit weight treated with 25-75 mg·L^-1 GA during the peak flowering period was significantly(p<0.05) greater than that treated with CPPU or TDZ. T5 treatment during the peak flowering period (using 25 mg·L^-1 GA+2.5 mg·L^-1 TDZ for the first treatment, and 50 mg·L^-1 GA+10 mg·L^-1 TDZ for the second treatment after 15 days) showed the best seedlessness effect, the highest epidermal thickness, total epidermal cell area, and average epidermal cell area. The total phenolic and anthocyanin contents of Vitis davidii Foëx fruits of T5 treatment during the final flowering period were the highest, while the soluble solids (TSS) content, resveratrol content, and tannin content of H₂O treatment (T0) were the highest.The fruit quality of Vitis davidii Foëx grown in greenhouses was better than that in long corridors. During the color conversion period, MeJA treatment resulted in the highest bunch weight and single fruit weight, as well as the highest TSS content, while BR treatment resulted in the highest resveratrol, tannin, and anthocyanin contents of Vitis davidii Foëx fruits. The above results provide a theoretical basis for the cultivation and production of Vitis davidii Foëx.

To screen for seed coating agents with comprehensive promoting effects on seed germination and seedling growth of pumpkin rootstocks, this study systematically evaluated 12 different types of seed treatments. The results showed that different seed coating agents had obvious differences in seed germination and seedling growth of pumpkin rootstocks. Among them, specialized cucurbit seed FSC performed the best. After treatment, the germination rate of the seeds reached 97.22%, and the fresh weight per 100 seedlings reached 477.20 g, which was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the control. At the same time, the fungicidal effect of specialized cucurbit seed FSC was also the best. After 4 days of cultivation, the fungicidal effect on the seed surface reached 100.00%. The second was 4% fludioxonil·azoxystrobin CF. After treatment, the germination rate of the seeds was 91.67%, and the fresh weight per 100 seedlings reached 476.23 g. Besides, Bacillus subtilis WP(100 billion spores per gram) and 40% carbendazim·tebuconazole SC significantly promoted radicle elongation, with the latter forming a “dwarf and sturdy” plant type, which was suitable for mechanized grafting. However, 70% hymexazol WP significantly inhibited seed germination and seedling growth and should be avoided in production. Considering safety, seed germination, seedling growth and fungicidal effect, the specialized cucurbit seed FSC and 4% fludioxonil·azoxystrobin CF showed the best application prospects, simultaneously achieving high emergence rate, robust seedling cultivation, and fungal disease control, providing technical support for standardized treatment of pumpkin rootstock seeds.

In order to identify suitable primary varieties of Morchella for the rice-mushroom rotation system in the Taihu Lake region, this experiment utilized domestically cultivated varieties: Morchella conica (MT30), Morchella importuna (M20-1), Morchella sextelata (MH6), and Morchella septimelata (Mel-7). A systematic comparison was conducted on agronomic traits, yield, growth status, developmental stages, and appearance. The results showed that the appearance of MH6, MT30, and M20-1 met the standard for premium-grade mushrooms, while Mel-7 was classified as off-grade. In terms of yield, MH6 performed the best, achieving a cumulative yield of 3 385.0 kg·hm^-2, which was primarily attributed to its significantly (p<0.05) higher fruiting body number. Furthermore, MH6 exhibited an earlier first harvest time, being 11.5-17.5 d ahead of the other varieties, and its harvesting period was extended by 8.5-14.8 d. Based on a comprehensive evaluation of appearance grade, yield and harvesting performance, Morchella sextelata (MH6) is the most suitable variety for promotion within the rice-mushroom rotation system in the Taihu Lake region.

Rhododendron molle is an important yellow-flowered ornamental species within the genus Rhododendron. In order to optimize the extraction method for its carotenoids and establish an ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) analysis system for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of 4 major carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, α-carotene, and β-carotene) in the petals. The results showed that good extraction efficiency was achieved using acetone as the extractant, followed by unsaponification treatment and ultrasound-assisted extraction for 30 min under dark conditions. For the analysis, effective separation of carotenoids was accomplished within 6 min using an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column with an isocratic elution of acetonitrile-methanol (volume ratio of 9∶1) as the mobile phase, a flow rate of 0.4 mL·min^-1, a detection wavelength of 465 nm, a column temperature of 27.5 ℃, and an injection volume of 2 μL. Further analysis revealed that the change in β-carotene content was consistent with the variation in petal color, indicating that β-carotene might be the key pigment component determining the flower color of R. molle. The results of this study provide an important material basis for further elucidating the molecular regulatory mechanism of flower color formation in R. molle and also provide technical references for flower color breeding in Rhododendron.

Heat shock protein 20 (HSP20) plays a critical role in plant growth, development, and response to abiotic stress. Although HSP20 genes have been associated with heat stress in numerous types of plants, there is little research on HSP20 (RcHSP20) gene family in Rosa chinensis. In order to investigate the response mechanism of RcHSP20 to heat stress, all members of HSP20 gene family in R. chinensis were identified and analyzed based on whole genome identification. A total of 31 RcHSP20 genes were identified and their physicochemical properties were analyzed. System evolution analysis shows that RcHSP20 can be divided into 4 subtypes. The duplicated event analysis demonstrated that tandem duplication and segment duplication events played crucial roles in promoting the expansion of RcHSP20 gene family. Collinearity analysis showed that R. chinensis shared the highest homology in 21 HSP20 gene pairs with Rosa rugosa, followed by 5 and 2 homologous gene pairs with Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, respectively. The expression pattern of RcHSP20-7, RcHSP20-8, RcHSP20-1, RcHSP20-14, RcHSP20-2, RcHSP20-3 and RcHSP20-5 in the CⅠ subfamily showed a high degree of similarity. After being subjected to 0.5 hours of heat stress, the expression level began to increase. When the heat stress time was prolonged to 2 hours, the gene expression level increased until reaching its peak. However, the expression levels of these genes gradually decreased after 6-12 hours of heat stress. The results indicate that these RcHSP20 genes may play a crucial role in participating in heat stress response.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process that utilizes double-stranded RNA or small interfering RNA to specifically degrade or inhibit the expression of target gene mRNA. In recent years, due to its high specificity and selectivity, RNAi has been widely applied in the research and control of agricultural and forestry pests and diseases. This paper systematically summarized the main application approaches of RNAi in agricultural and forestry pest and disease control, including spray-induced gene silencing, virus-induced gene silencing, host-induced gene silencing, and nanocarriers delivered gene silencing. It also summarized the latest research progress and current application of RNAi in this field, discussed prominent challenges according to existing studies, and proposed corresponding recommendations. Finally, future development directions for RNAi in the prevention and control of agricultural and forestry pests and diseases are outlined. RNAi-based prevention and control strategies for agricultural and forestry pests and diseases are expected to bring new vitality to the protection of agricultural and forestry crops, thereby promoting the sustainable development of agriculture and forestry.

To evaluate the impact of control measures for rice diseases, pests and weeds under the rice-fish symbiotic system on snakehead, in this study, based on the acute toxicity test method for fish in the national standard GB/T 31270.12—2014 Test Guidelines on Environmental Safety Assessment for Chemical Pesticides Part 12: Fish Acute Toxicity Test, 10 commonly used pesticides for rice diseases, pests and weeds were selected to treat snakehead under simulated field application conditions, so as to screen out the control agents that are safe and low toxicity for snakehead and have low toxicity. The research results showed that chlorantraniliprole is of low toxicity to snakehead and is suitable for promotion and application in the rice-fish symbiotic systems.

In order to clarify the control effect of current mainstream pesticides on Chilo suppressalis (Walker) in early rice in northern Zhejiang, and to screen efficient pesticides for scientific control of Chilo suppressalis (Walker), pesticide efficacy experiments were conducted on early rice. The results showed that the seedling protection effect of cyproflanilide reached 95.64% and the control effect was 92.17% in the new variety. On the early rice variety Zhongzu 18, the seedling protection effect of avermectin-methoxyfenoz was 98.11%, and the seedling protection effects of spinetoram·methoxyfenozide and chlorantraniliprole were similar. The control effects of avermectin-methoxyfenoz and Spinetoram·Methoxyfenozide both reached 95.00%, higher than Chlorantraniliprole (85.00%). On the early rice variety Yongxian 15, the treatment with tetraniliprole+abamectin had the highest seedling protection and pest control effects, reaching 96.30% and 94.44%, respectively. Under the treatment of Bacillus thuringiensis, the number of cocoons of the first generation of parasitic wasps caused by Chilo suppressalis (Walker) on Yongxian 15 was the highest, reaching 1 per hundred clusters. Thus, the recommended chemicals or combinations for the emergency control of Chilo suppressalis (Walker) in early rice in northern Zhejiang are spinetoram·methoxyfenozide, avermectin-methoxyfenoz, tetraniliprole+abamectin. And cyproflanilide can be used as a potential alternative agent, which should be administered for the first time during the peak period of egg incubation, and then applied again on 7 to 10 days later to ensure the control effect.

To explore the effect of temperature on the growth and field incidence of tomato Ralstonia solanacearum, the D₆₀₀ of Ralstonia solanacearum suspension at five temperatures of 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 ℃ were measured, and the growth curve was drawn. For the first time, by combining the temperature and the incidence rate of Ralstonia solanacearum in the high-altitude tomato facility, the optimal temperature for the growth of tomato Ralstonia solanacearum was determined. A method for controlling Ralstonia solanacearum by using temperature as an indicator factor was proposed, with the aim of reducing the losses caused by Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato production. The results showed that temperature had a obvious impact on the growth of Ralstonia solanacearum. The optimal temperature range for the growth of Ralstonia solanacearum was 30-35 ℃. The incidence pattern of Ralstonia solanacearum in high-altitude tomato fields was consistent with this, when the field temperature was above 25 ℃, the disease began to occur, entering the peak period of onset at 30-35 ℃. The study had clarified the optimal temperature range for the growth and field prevalence of tomato Ralstonia solanacearum, providing a theoretical basis for the prediction and prevention of field Ralstonia solanacearum.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of adding chitosan oligosaccharide to the diet on the production performance, immune organ index, slaughter performance, and immune performance of Columba. The results showed that adding different amounts of chitosan oligosaccharides to the diet could improve the production performance of Columba. Compared with the control group, the feed to weight ratios of the COSL group, COSM group, and COSH group were significantly (p<0.05) reduced. Adding chitosan oligosaccharide to the diet can improve the slaughter performance of Columba. Compared with the control group, the full clearance rates and semi clearance rates of Columba of the COSL group, COSM group, and COSH group were significantly increased. Compared with the control group, the COSM and COSH groups significantly increased the contents of total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the serum of Columba, while significantly reducing the content of tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α). Compared with the COSM group, the COSH group showed a significant increase in ALB content and a significant decrease in TNF-α content. Compared with the control group and COSL group, the COSM group and COSH group showed significant increases in total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, catalase (CAT) activity in serum, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly reduced. The SOD activity, GSH-Px activity, and CAT activity in the COSH group were significantly higher than those in the COSM group. Under the conditions of this experiment, the addition of 400 mg·kg^-1 chitosan oligosaccharide to the diet for Columba showed the best effect.

To investigate the effects of different silage on the growth performance of Hu sheep, this study formulated two dietary treatments: one fed with silage of Zizania latifolia sheath leaves and the other fed with silage of mixed Zizania latifolia sheath leaves and maize straw. Feed intake, growth performance, and economic benefits of Hu sheep were compared and analyzed. The results showed that silage of mixed Zizania latifolia sheath leaves and maize straw had better palatability than the silage of Zizania latifolia sheath leaves. Under quantitative restricted feeding conditions, there were no significant differences in initial weight, final weight, daily weight gain, daily feed intake, or feed-to-gain ratio between the two treatments. The silage of mixed Zizania latifolia sheath leaves and maize straw had a lower unit price, combined with the higher daily weight gain of Hu sheep, resulted in a higher economic benefit. In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, the silage of mixed Zizania latifolia sheath leaves and maize straw exhibited better palatability and feeding effect compared with the silage of Zizania latifolia sheath leaves.

To investigate the effects of different improvement measures on soil fertility and crop yield in reclaimed Lei bamboo forest, a rotation experiment was conducted with three treatments: control (CK), conventional fertilization (CF), and comprehensive measures (CM). Results showed that soil physicochemical properties were influenced not only by the different treatments but also by the crop season and their interactions. By the harvest of the third crop season, no significant differences were observed among the treatments in terms of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, organic matter content and pH value. Both CF and CM treatments increased the relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi while reducing the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Over the three crop seasons, both CF and CM treatments enhanced crop yield. This study provides effective strategies and a theoretical basis for improving reclaimed farmland.

Tengqiao Town in Wenzhou City has improved the soil fertility of 68.13 hm² of standard farmland over a period of 4 years. The area has increased soil organic matter, available potassium, and available phosphorus content by planting green manure and applying organic fertilizers, potassium chloride, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizers, etc. The soil pH value has been improved by applying quicklime, and cation exchange capacity has been increased by applying zeolite powder. To achieve precise fertilization, the project area has been divided into 30 monitoring plots. Soil samples from each monitoring plot are collected every year after crop harvesting for testing and analysis. Targeted fertilization is carried out based on the dynamic changes in soil fertility in the project area. According to this method, the soil fertility of cultivated land in the project area shows an increasing trend year by year, with comprehensive soil fertility indices of 0.776, 0.766, 0.784, 0.806, 0.809, respectively, from 2016 to 2020.

To deeply explore the responses of strawberry continuous cropping soil to different disinfection methods, this study set up three treatment groups: T1 (disinfected with ozone water), T2 (disinfected with hypochlorous acid water), and T3 (high-temperature and high-pressure sterilization), with clear water treatment as the control, and studied the effects of different disinfection methods on soil physical and chemical properties, soil enzyme activities, and soil microbial biomass after 1 day, 15 days, and 30 days of treatment. The results showed that ozone water treatment, hypochlorous acid water treatment and high-temperature and high-pressure sterilization treatment all affected the physical and chemical properties of the soil and the activity of soil enzymes to varying degrees, and all increased the pH value of the soil. Among them, ozone water effectively increased the content of available potassium and available nitrogen in the soil. The soil nutrient content after hypochlorous acid water treatment did not change significantly. The activities of acid phosphatase(ACP), leucine aminopeptidase(LAP) and cellobiohydrolase(CBH) were at a relatively high level. The content of dissolved organic carbon(DOC) was higher than those in other treatments. In addition, high-temperature and high-pressure sterilization treatment reduced the content of available phosphorus and organic matter in the soil and the activities of β-glucosidase(βG) and ACP, but the contents of DOC and microbial biomass phosphorus(MBP) under this treatment were relatively high. In conclusion, all three disinfection methods selected in this experiment had certain improvement effects on the soil for strawberry continuous cropping. Compared with the traditional chemical disinfection methods, none of them had chemical residues and were environmentally friendly, exhibiting broad application prospects in modern agricultural production.

Gibberellin fermentation residues (GFRs) are solid waste generated during the production of gibberellin. Effectively utilizing this waste has significant environmental benefits. In this paper, the GFRs were used as the raw material, and 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of ginger powder were added as auxiliary materials respectively for aerobic composting to explore the optimal addition amount of ginger powder. The results indicated that when 30% ginger powder was added as an auxiliary material, the aerobic composting effect of the fermented residue was improved, with a prolonged high-temperature period that met the sanitization standard. Meanwhile, at the end of the composting process, the seed germination index under this treatment reached the highest value, exceeding 60%. Additionally, the total potassium content under this treatment increased by 2.97 percentage points, while the water-soluble carbon content during the high-temperature period decreased by 1.48 percentage points, both of which contributed to promoting the maturation of the compost. Therefore, adding 30% ginger powder as an auxiliary material was more suitable for aerobic composting of GFRs. Regarding the changes in gibberellin content and germination index, it is recommended to extend the composting period to ensure the complete degradation of gibberellin and compliance with the standard for germination index of NY 525—2021 Organic fertilizer.

To investigate the ecotoxic effects of combined exposure of microplastics and cadmium on soil microorganisms, the ecotoxic effects of mono-dispersed polystyrene microplastics (MPs) (0, 20, 100, 200 mg·L^-1) and cadmium (Cd²⁺) (4 mg·L^-1) on Sinorhizobium fredii were studied by single and combined exposure. The results showed that the growth of Sinorhizobium fredii was obviously inhibited under single MPs/Cd²⁺ exposure, while the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) were significantly (p<0.05) increased. In addition, the concentration of superoxide anion, electrolyte leakage rate, proline and malondialdehyde contents in Sinorhizobium fredii increased first and then decreased with the increase of MPs/Cd²⁺ concentration. Under combined exposure, soluble protein content in Sinorhizobium fredii was significantly higher than that in single MPs/Cd²⁺ treatment group, SOD and CAT activities in Sinorhizobium fredii were increased. The results above indicated that under the combined exposure of MPs and Cd²⁺, Sinorhizobium fredii mitigated the ecotoxicity of a single pollutant to Sinorhizobium fredii by adjusting the content of osmotic substances and reducing the damage degree of biofilm.

The residues of pesticide and veterinary drugs in water will not only affect the growth of aquatic organisms, but also enter the human body through the food chain, endangering people's health. Among various degradation technologies, photocatalytic degradation technology has attracted wide attention because of its advantages of simple operation, low cost and no secondary pollution. According to the research progress of photocatalytic degradation technology in the degradation of pesticide and veterinary drug residues in water, this paper firstly introduced the principle of photocatalytic degradation technology and the properties and characteristics of main photocatalytic materials (such as metal oxides, metal sulfides, Bi-based photocatalyst and graphite-like phase g-C₃N₄, etc.), and expounded in detail the main modification methods of photocatalytic materials (including metal/nonmetal doping, defect engineering, photosensitization and heterojunction construction, etc.). The research progress of different photocatalytic materials in degrading residues of pesticide (such as organophosphorus, organochlorine, pyrethroids, etc.) and veterinary drugs (such as tetracycline and fluoroquinolones, etc.) in water was summarized.