This study evaluated 13 late japonica rice varieties approved in Zhejiang Province over the years, focusing on yield, key agronomic traits, and bacterial leaf blight (BLB) resistance during the tillering and maturity stages. The results showed that Zhejing 22 achieved the highest yield of 9 434.7 kg·hm^-2, followed by Zhejing 99 with 8 502.4 kg·hm^-2. Regarding BLB resistance, Zhejing 88, Zhehujing 25, Zhejing 78, Zhehujing 26, Xiushui 134, Jiahua 1, Zhejing 99, and Zhejing 100 exhibited better disease resistance. A comprehensive evaluation of BLB resistance and yield performance identified four superior varieties including Zhejing 99, Zhejing 100, Zhejing 78, and Zhehujing 26 as promising parental lines for future breeding improvements.

In the context of global climate warming, drought disasters have a severe impact on rice cultivation in China, and water deficiency during critical growth periods can lead to increased cadmium (Cd) absorption in rice grains. This study conducted field experiments in a Cd-contaminated agricultural area, setting up four treatments: control (water deficiency + no biochar application), water deficiency + low biochar application (3 000 kg·hm^-2), water deficiency + medium biochar application (6 000 kg·hm^-2), and water deficiency + high biochar application (9 000 kg·hm^-2). The aim was to investigate the effects of biochar application under water deficiency conditions on rice growth, Cd content in different parts of the plant, and the concentrations of lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) in the grains, as well as the physicochemical properties of the soil. The results showed that compared with control, the application of different amounts of biochar increased soil pH value by 0.28 to 0.46; total nitrogen, available phosphorus, readily available potassium, and organic matter contents in the soil increased by 6.82%-25.76%, 10.33%-40.79%, 10.36%-21.80%, and 24.92%-36.02%, respectively. The effective Cd content in the medium biochar application treatment significantly decreased by 44.12% compared with the control (P<0.05). Compared with the control treatment, the height, thousand-grain weight, panicle length, and yield of rice increased by 2.44%-3.83%, 3.17%-5.50%, 3.19%-4.11%, and 3.03%-5.19%, respectively. The Cd content in the rice grains from the medium and high biochar application treatments decreased significantly by 52.38% and 42.86% (P<0.05) when compared to the control, while the As content in the grains from the medium biochar application treatment was reduced by 18.92% (P<0.05). In summary, applying biochar at a rate of 6 000 kg·hm^-2 can serve as an effective measure to promote rice growth, improve soil fertility, and reduce Cd content in rice grains under water deficiency conditions, thereby ensuring the safe production of rice.

To enrich the variety of fresh waxy maize in Yuyao and select high-quality, high-yield, and palatable varieties, 17 waxy maize varieties were comparatively analyzed in terms of growth period, plant and fresh ear agronomic traits, yield, and edible quality. The results showed that all tested varieties exhibited good adaptability and marketable fresh ears. Varieties such as Zhenuoyu 24, Caitiannuo 6, Kenuo 6, and Sukenuo 1801 demonstrated higher yields, with a yield per 667 m² exceeding 1 500.0 kg. Varieties including Jingtiannuo 807, Xiandimeina, Caitiannuo 6, Hangnuoyu 21, Meiyu 17, Baiselianren, and Jiahuatiannuo 8 exhibited a sweet and waxy taste with excellent edible quality, making them suitable for promotion as quality-oriented varieties. Zhenuoyu 24, Kenuo 6, and Sukenuo 1801, having average taste, showed high yields and could be promoted as yield-oriented waxy maize varieties.

Zhejingyou 4 is an indica-japonica hybrid rice variety bred by the Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences in collaboration with multiple institutes. It has large panicles and multiple grains with strong tillering ability, outstanding lodging resistance and well color change at ripening stage. In order to better obtain its high yield, the high-yield cultivation techniques were explored in this paper to provide reference for the popularization and application of this variety.

Planting ratoon rice is a primary agricultural system model for large-scale grain growers in Changshan County. Currently, three cultivation modes are practiced for ratoon rice in Changshan County: semi-arid seedling raising with manual transplanting, mechanical transplanting, and direct seeding. Growers select appropriate cultivation methods based on actual conditions. To meet the technical demands of direct seeding for ratoon rice, experiments on variety comparison, seeding rate, and fertilizer application rate were conducted. Through investigations into production techniques for direct seeding cultivation, a technical system for ratoon rice direct seeding cultivation was summarized, providing a technical reference for its promotion in suitable regions.

To investigate the effects of different fertilizer treatments on the growth characteristics and yield of sweet potatoes and identify suitable fertilizers for sweet potato cultivation in hilly upland areas, this experiment utilized the fresh sweet potato variety Xinxiang and implemented four treatments: control (CK), compound fertilizer, specialized formula fertilizer for sweet potatoes, and organic fertilizer. The results showed that compared with CK, all fertilization treatments significantly increased relative chlorophyll content by 10.10%-12.59%. The three fertilizer treatments also increased main vine length, stem diameter, and aboveground fresh weight to varying degrees, while only A3 significantly increased branch number by 18.39%. Compared with CK, the marketable tuber rates of A1, A2, and A3 treatments increased by 8.95, 14.84, and 5.84 percentage points, respectively. All three fertilizer treatments significantly enhanced fresh tuber yield and dried tuber yield, with the specialized formula fertilizer achieving the highest increases (29.63% for fresh weight and 33.81% for dried tuber yield). In conclusion, the specialized formula fertilizer for sweet potatoes significantly improved fresh and dried tuber yields, elevated marketable tuber rates, and demonstrated the best yield-enhancing effects.

The soybean-maize strip intercropping pattern has laid a technical foundation for rapid expansion of soybean cultivation area, but superior spring soybean varieties suitable for this pattern remain unavailable in Huainan ecological zone. To screen suitable spring soybean varieties for soybean-maize strip intercropping system in this region, this study investigated the growth characteristics and yield performance of 16 spring soybean varieties under the intercropping pattern. Comprehensive evaluation showed that varieties 75-3, 95-1, and Sucheng 8 demonstrated better adaptability to the soybean-maize strip intercropping system in Huainan ecological zone. This research provides recommended spring soybean varieties for strip intercropping cultivation in Huainan region, and offers reference for variety selection under this planting pattern.

In this study, the GC-MS determination and analysis of deltamethrin (DM) residues in tea garden soil were carried out by using biochar-immobilized Aspergillus niger treatment technology. The results showed that the DM degradation effect of tea garden soil treated with Aspergillus niger was significantly better than that of the control. The DM degradation effect of tea garden soil treated with biochar-immobilized Aspergillus niger was significantly better than that of free Aspergillus niger. After DM treatment of tea garden soil for 24 hours, the DM residue in soil was the least when the biochar-immobilized Aspergillus niger was applied at a concentration of 30 g·L^-1. The half-life of tea garden soil treated with biochar-immobilized Aspergillus niger was 4.093 d, which was 1.106 d shorter than that of the control. This result provides a good theoretical support for improving the soil environment of tea gardens and promoting the healthy and sustainable development of the tea industry.

In this study, four different fertilization treatments were conducted in 12 dry sugarcane plots with single row and single irrigation to detect the nitrogen and phosphorus content of runoff water generated by natural rainfall during the growth period of sugarcane under 4 fertilization schemes. The results showed that: Total nitrogen and total phosphorus in CK runoff were always at a low level; From the long-term trend, the content of TN in runoff showed as CT>BS>NSPC-BS; Total phosphorus content in runoff water showed as CT>NSPC-BS>BS. Total nitrogen loss load in runoff showed as NSPC-BS<; total phosphorus loss load in runoff BS<NSPC-BS<CT.

This study investigated the effects of different growth years on the quality of Polygonatum filipes cultivated at the Tiantai planting base in Zhejiang Province. One-way ANOVA was used to compare differences in alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, saponins, and total phenols content among samples of varying growth years. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to evaluate overall quality variations. Results showed significant differences in the content of these components across growth years. Alcohol-soluble extracts in 2- and 4-year-old samples were significantly higher than those in 1-, 3-, and 5-year-old samples. Polysaccharide content initially increased with growth years (1-4 years) but declined from the 4th to 5th year. Saponins and total phenols increased with growth years and stabilized between the 4th and 5th years. It indicated that 4-year-old Polygonatum filipes exhibited the highest quality. These findings suggest that the optimal harvesting time for Polygonatum filipes in this region is four years.

This study compared the yield and plant phenotype of Curcuma wenyujin Y.H.Chen & C.Ling in continuous cropping soils treated with different application amounts of biochar, and found that the application of biochar can promote the yield and plant growth of Curcuma wenyujin Y.H.Chen & C.Ling. By testing the content of volatile oil and nutrient elements in different parts of Curcuma wenyujin Y.H.Chen & C.Ling, it was found that the content of volatile oil and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient element contents of Curcuma wenyujin Y.H.Chen & C.Ling. were significantly increased by the application of biochar, and that the effect of the promotion was best when biochar was applied at 300 kg per 667 m². In this study, the activities of catalase, urease and sucrase in soil were tested, and the results showed that the application of biochar could improve the enzyme activities in soil. It can be inferred that the application of biochar improves soil physicochemical properties, promotes the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and the growth of Curcuma wenyujin Y.H.Chen & C.Ling. This study provides an effective way and theoretical basis for alleviating the continuous cropping obstacles of Curcuma wenyujin Y.H.Chen & C.Ling.

This study explored the effects of different gibberellin treatments and stratification temperatures on seed germination of Polygonatum sibiricum, aiming to provide a technical solution for the large-scale and factory-based seedling planting of P. sibiricum. The results showed that treatment with 100 mg·L^-1 gibberellin could effectively broke seed dormancy, and the germination rate was as high as 61.75%. In addition, the treatment effect is the best when gibberellin is combined with low-temperature sand storage. Under the conditions of 15 ℃ and 100 mg·L^-1 gibberellin, the germination rate of seeds reached the maximum value. After 56 days of sand storage, the seeds were transferred to peat soil for cultivation for 10 days, and the germination rate reached 86.51%. Furthermore, with the extension of sand storage time, the germination time of seeds was significantly shortened, and the concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) in seeds showed a downward trend, which also indirectly indicated that the germination rate was negatively correlated with the ABA content. This study provides optimized conditions and technical support for the preservation and germination of Polygonatum sibiricum seeds.

Endophytes are widely present in various tissues and organs of healthy plants, and directly or indirectly act on parasitic plants through their own metabolites or by inducing plants to produce secondary metabolites, and play an important role in medicine, agriculture, horticulture, pollution prevention and control, and other fields. The interaction between plant endophytes and medicinal plants is also an important factor affecting the yield and quality of medicinal plants, and some endophyte metabolites of medicinal plants are similar or identical to the active ingredients of host plants. Rich achievements have been made in protection and utilization of medicinal resources, due to the study of germplasm resources classification and genetic diversity in medicinal plants, as well as isolation and identification of endophytic resources in Dendrobium officinale. In this review, the research status of endophytic species and biological activities in Dendrobium officinale were summarized, and the current status and existing problems of Dendrobium officinale cultivation were briefly described, so as to provide reference for the research of endophytic resources of Dendrobium officinale.

In this study, we conducted experiments on the application of different fertilizer ratios in saline alkali land, the results showed that the large amount of chemical fertilizer used in Zizania latifolia field can increase the tillering of Zizania latifolia, but the shell weight was relatively small, and the net rate of Zizania latifolia and yield of 667m² were also low. In addition, the nitrate content in Zizania latifolia increased, while the content of ascorbic acid and soluble sugar decreased. In this experiment, we reduced the amount of chemical fertilizer used in the Zizania latifolia field and replaced the base fertilizer with organic fertilizer. It not only promoted the growth and development of Zizania latifolia plants, increased the shell quality, but also improved the net rate and quality of Zizania latifolia, enhanced plant resistance, etc. Moreover, Zizania latifolia with an organic fertilizer dosage of 800 kg per 667 m² in the base fertilizer exhibited better quality, yield and resistance than the dosage of 600 kg per 667m². Therefore, within a certain range, increasing the amount of organic fertilizer will also increase the yield and quality of Zizania latifolia. Besides, replacing ternary compound fertilizer with specialized fertilizer for Zizania latifolia can also increase the shell weight and 667 m² yield, improve the quality of Zizania latifolia, but the effect and disease resistance were not as good as applying organic fertilizer. Moreover, the net rate of Zizania latifolia has not been significantly improved. However, further study is needed to determine whether the application of organic fertilizer in combination will significantly increase the yield and quality of Zizania latifolia.

The good ecological environment of Pan'an County endows kiwifruit with good quality. In order to enhance the competitiveness of agricultural products and comprehensive agricultural benefits, and to provide reference for the revitalization of rural industries, the Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Pan'an County Agricultural and Rural Bureau have jointly formulated the group standard "standards for grades of Pan'an kiwifruits " on the basis of survey of the production bases, analysis of the samples, and comparison of the standards. This paper interprets the standard text from three aspects, namely, background, main technical content, and innovation points, so that readers can understand the standard more fully and provide guidance for the implementation of the standard.

In order to protect the variety and innovate the germplasm of the Jiashi melon(Cucumis melo L.), this study obtained aseptic seedlings through aseptic sowing of common and hybrid Jiashi melon seeds, and explored the conditions for inducing callus tissue and adventitious bud differentiation from different explants. The results showed that the optimal disinfection method for two kinds of Jiashi melon seeds was to soak them in 70% ethanol for 30 seconds and 3% NaClO solution for 3 minutes after shelling them on a clean bench. The best inducing explant was cotyledon of the 5-day aseptic seedling near the hypocotyl. The best induction medium was MS+1.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA, with a callus tissue induction rate of 100.0%. The adventitious bud differentiation rate of common Jiashi melon was 73.3%, and that of hybrid Jiashi melon was 66.7%.

To study the physiological status of grafted watermelon seedlings under cadmium stress and analyze the resistance of watermelon to heavy metals by grafting different rootstocks, wild watermelon rootstock YZ1 and Chinese pumpkin rootstock SZ111 were grafted with Nabit (NBT). A 0.6 mg·L^-1 CdCl₂ solution was used for hydroponic treatment. The results showed that compared with the control group, the fresh weight of both aboveground and underground parts in the treatment groups of each grafting combination was extremely significantly reduced. In terms of agronomic traits, the treatment groups of YZ1/NBT and NBT showed a more significant decrease compared with the control group, while the treatment group of SZ111/NBT had a smaller difference compared with the control group. In terms of MDA content, the difference between the treatment group and the control group of SZ111/NBT was smaller than the other two grafting combinations. In terms of GA₃ and IAA content in the roots, the difference between the treatment group and the control group of SZ111/NBT was greater than that between the treatment group and the control group of YZ1/NBT, indicating that when SZ111 was used as a rootstock, it promoted an extremely significantly increase in GA₃ content and an decrease in IAA content to reduce cell wall plasticity and reduce Cd transport into the plant. Therefore, SZ111/NBT is relatively less affected by Cd and can be used as a rootstock for watermelon cultivation in Cd contaminated areas. YZ1 is greatly affected by Cd when used as a rootstock. It is not recommended to plant and use it in Cd polluted areas.

In this study, Yolo detection models were established based on the image production dataset of citrus fruits with unilateral complete canopy in natural state to provide theoretical and practical basis for the identification and localization of citrus fruits. After the citrus entered the fruit turning color period, the tree photos of unilateral canopy were collected randomly in Citrus unshiu Marc.cv. Miyagawa-wase orchard using camera, with a total of 800 images collected. Mosaic data augmentation techniques were used to expand to 2 000 images. The Yolov5, Yolov7, and Yolov8 algorithms were used to build target detection models for citrus fruits, respectively. The training loss values (loss) of different Yolo models all decreased rapidly in the first 15 rounds, followed by rapid convergence of the loss values of Yolov5 and Yolov7, while the loss value of Yolov8 showed a slow decreasing trend, the mean accuracy (mAP) of Yolov5 and Yolov8 reached the highest value of 91.9% and 92.5% in 49 and 29 iterations, respectively. But the mAP of Yolov7 fluctuated and increased to 300 rounds, reaching a maximum of 91.2%. The model prediction performance was evaluated on the plots of the unlabeled canopy group and fruit-bearing shoots group, respectively, with the Yolov7 model exhibiting the best comprehensive predictive performance. The fruit target detection model established with citrus canopy images in natural state has excellent recognition ability, and this study provides an important reference for the real-time detection of fruits in complex environments with target detection technology.

In order to screen out sweet cherry varieties suitable for the southern regions under early-promotion cultivation, this experiment adopted 14 sweet cherry varieties to conduct a double-film early-promotion cultivation treatment in Taizhou. The phenological phases and fruit quality of the sweet cherries were investigated and measured. The results indicated that Qizao and Luoyaming exhibited outstanding performance and were suitable for widespread planting in southern regions. Qizao was an earliest-maturing variety. Under early-promotion cultivation, Qizao could mature in mid-April and showed large fruits with a high soluble solids to acidity ratio, less dehiscent fruits, and less malformed fruits. Luoyaming was a mid-maturity variety, and also performed large fruits, high soluble solid content, excellent taste for fresh eating, high firmness, and resistant to storage and transportation. Additionally, the two yellow varieties, Hongmi and Leini can be planted resonablely to meet diverse consumer demands.

Three new and excellent woody ornamental plants, including Hibiscus hamabo, Callistemon citrinus, and Vitex agnus-castus, were studied. Their growth performance was observed during a 30 day flooding cycle through artificial flooding treatment, artificial waterlogging treatment, and normal watering treatment. The photosynthetic characteristics and biochemical indicators of their leaves were measured. The results showed that Hibiscus hamabo and Callistemon citrinus had strong flood resistance, followed by Vitex agnus-castus. All three tree species can be used as flood resistant tree species for urban green spaces, and can be applied to sponge city construction such as rain gardens, rain wetlands, and waterfront green belts. The results can provide reference for the promotion and application of high-quality flood resistant tree species in Ningbo City.

Inter-subgroup hybridization between Paeonia delavayi and Japanese peony cultivars as parents is an important breeding pathway to cultivate excellent peony varieties, and early molecular characterization of the authenticity of their hybrid offspring can shorten the breeding cycle, improve the breeding efficiency, and reduce the breeding cost. In this study, two offspring seedlings were obtained by hand-pollination hybridization between Paeonia delavayi as the female parent and Japanese peony cultivar Daojin as the male parent. The authenticity of the hybrid offspring was identified using SSR molecular marker technology. The results revealed that two hybrid seedlings had parental specific complementary bands in two pairs of SSR primers, confirming that they were true hybrid species. The SSR molecular marker technology applied by this research institute has accurate and efficient characteristics, which can be used for early identification of peony hybrid offspring and provide technical support for cultivating excellent peony varieties.

Farmland landscape is a kind of economic, ecological, cultural and artistic landscape formed by human production on natural land. It has a strong flavor of the times and history, and is also an important content of rural revitalization and construction in China. The current farmland landscape pattern design and planting methods need to consume a lot of labor and material resources, the economic cost is large, the design pattern is not intuitive, and the implementation pattern and design pattern error are large. This paper presents a method of farmland landscape pattern design and planting based on unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV). Through the low altitude UAV, the high-definition aerial images of the corresponding area was obtained and the graphic design and geographic information software was arranged to design the landscape pattern and carry out the geographic information loading and registration, and then the centimeter level mobile positioning terminal was used to carry out the navigation planting operation in the landscape to be arranged. The example shows that this method is simple, accurate and reliable. To some extent, it explores the rational allocation, sustainable development and optimization path of farmland landscape resources, analyzes and clarifies the endogenous driving force of the current rural revitalization, which can provide reference for the construction of beautiful China.

The grain production in the eastern mountainous area of Zhejiang Province occupies an extremely important position. Taking Shengzhou City as an example, the rice planting area in Shengzhou is large and there are many varieties of rice, which is a large grain producing county. Rice planthoppers have severely occurred in some areas of Shengzhou, but there have been no reports on the occurrence and prediction of rice planthoppers in the local area. In this paper, field occurrence data of rice planthopper in Shengzhou City from April to October, from 2005 to 2022 were collected to study the peak of its occurrence. At the same time, combined with the insect situation data under the lamp and meteorological data such as temperature and rainfall, the occurrence model was established by multiple stepwise regression analysis to carry out prediction study. The results showed that the peak of rice planthopper occurrence in the field was from July to September, and the amount of rice planthopper occurrence was closely related to the local weather and the amount of insect source in the early stage. The prediction accuracy of the established model was more than 91.25% in 2023. Therefore, the identification of the occurrence of rice planthopper and the implementation of prediction and forecast could provide data support for its accurate and scientific control.

To evaluate the environmental safety of the new molluscicide pyriclobenzuron, the hydrolysis characteristics of pyriclobenzuron at room temperature (25 ℃) and in buffer solutions with different pH values, as well as its degradation characteristics in two water-sediment systems, were studied under laboratory conditions according to national standards (GB/T 31270—2014). The hydrolysis half-life of pyriclobenzuron in buffer solutions with pH values of 6.58, 9.10 and 12.13 was greater than 180.00 d, belonging to difficultly degradable pesticides. In a buffer solution with a pH value of 4.15, the hydrolysis half-life of pyriclobenzuron was 13.86 d, which was less than 30.00 d, belonging to easily degradable pesticides. Besides, the degradation of pyriclobenzuron in the Shaoxing and Jiashan water-sediment systems followed a first-order kinetic equation. The aerobic degradation half-lives of pyriclobenzuron in aqueous phase were 7.53 and 7.79 d, respectively. Pyriclobenzuron gradually migrated from the aqueous phase to the sediment, and the detected concentration of pyriclobenzuron in the sediment remained relatively stable over a period of time. In summary, pyriclobenzuron was difficult to degrade in neutral and alkaline water environments under dark conditions, while it belonged to easily degradable pesticides in acidic water environments. Pyriclobenzuron belonged to easily degradable pesticides in two water-sediment systems at 25 ℃. In conclusion, it is expected to be used for the prevention and control of Pomacea canaliculate in actual rice paddy environments with less environment risk.

Cnaphalocrocis medialis is a major rice pest in Asia. In the emerging efficient agricultural system of rice-fish coculture system, chemical control is prohibited to prevent aquatic products from being contaminated. Therefore, alternative pest control approaches must be explored. For this purpose, in three terraced fields of rice-fish coculture system in Qingtian County, Zhejiang Province, spatial repeated field trails were conducted respectively on the control of the damage caused by Cnaphalocrocis medialis by the preparations of Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 and Metarhizium bassiana Ma-CQ421.The results showed that the two bacterial agents can significantly reduce the density of leaf buds in the field, and the final relative control effect reached more than 60%. It was indicated that both fungal insecticides can be used for the green control of Cnaphalocrocis medialis in the rice-fish co-culture system.

This article used the China Pesticide Information Network as the source of pesticide registration information. Based on the National Food Safety Standard Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Food (GB 2763-2021) and the National Food Safety Standard Maximum Residue Limits for 112 Pesticides including 2,4-D Butyrate Sodium Salt in Food (GB 2763.1-2022) standards, the registered pesticides and maximum residue limits for five common diseases in vegetable production, including gray mold, powdery mildew, root rot, wilt, and bacterial wilt, were sorted out. Countermeasures and precautions for pesticide safety selection were proposed to provide a basis for vegetable disease prevention and control.

The unreasonable use of chemical grain protectants has made the insect resistant and poses a serious threat to human dietary health. Therefore, how to scientifically and reasonably use insecticides has become an urgent problem to protect food security. Tribolium confusum is the main stored grain pests that harm food crops. In this experiment, a combination of chemical grain protectant and biocontrol bacteria was used to determine the co-toxicity effect of pirimiphos-methyl and Beauveria bassiana against Tribolium confusum. The results showed that in the fumigation treatment with pirimiphos-methyl, the combined treatment with the addition of Beauveria bassiana improved the killing effect of pirimiphos-methyl on Tribolium confusum compared with the treatment of pirimiphos-methyl alone. Similarly, in the treatment of pirimiphos-methyl,the killing effect after adding Beauveria bassiana was better than that of the treatment using Beauveria bassiana alone. Overall, this study showed that the synergistic effect of pirimiphos-methyl and Beauveria bassiana was able to significantly increase the mortality of pests and had practical guidance for the combination of chemical grain protectant with biobacteria.

Aenasius bambawalei Hayat is an obligate dominant parasitoid of the invasive pest Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley in China, playing a significant role in biological control. This study firstly treated the pupae of Aenasius bambawalei Hayat with different temperatures and photoperiods for varying durations to explore optimal low temperature acclimation conditions. Subsequently, the pupae were stored at 4 ℃ for 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280, 300 days to determine the optimal low temperature storage duration. The results showed that when the pupae were acclimated at 14 ℃ under a light/dark photoperiod of 8 h/16 h for 6 days, followed by refrigeration at 4 ℃ for 80 days, and then reared under conditions of 26-28 ℃, 70%-80% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 16 h/8 h, their performance was equivalent to the control group. This method provides technical support for enhancing the application potential of Aenasius bambawalei Hayat.

Pesticide residue is one of the main risks and hidden dangers in the quality and safety of grapes. The standard-setting of maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides is an important technical means to strengthen the risk control of pesticide residues and is also a common international practice. In order to provide references for registrations of pesticides in grapes and the revision of pesticide MRLs standards, we took grapes as the object, analysed the existing problems and put forward feasible suggestions by sorting out the pesticide registrations in grapes, the current status of pesticide MRLs standards for grapes in standard GB 2763-2021 and GB 2763.1-2022, the available pesticides and pesticide MRLs standards for green food grape production, comparing with the MRL standards for pesticide in grapes of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC),analyzing the existing problems and putting forward feasible suggestions.

This experiment used Cabernet Sauvignon wine grapes as raw materials, inoculated with yeast, and inoculated with Denococcus oeni after the initiation of alcohol fermentation for 24 hours. The fermentation temperatures were controlled at 21-23, 24-26, and 27-29 ℃, respectively. By monitoring the malolactic fermentation(MLF) process, the physicochemical indicators, aroma, and sensory quality of the wine were compared and analyzed to determine the appropriate fermentation temperature. The results showed that MLF was completed in about 10 days when the fermentation temperature was at 27-29 ℃, while the completion time was extended to 14 days when the temperature was decreased to 24-26 ℃, and increased to 20 days when the temperature was further decreased to 21-23 ℃. Significant differences in volatile acid content, total acid content, pH value, total phenols content and tannins content were found in wines fermented at different temperatures, with the total acid content decreased, and the pH value and volatile acid content increased as the fermentation temperature increased. Examination of the compounds with an odor activity value greater than 1 revealed that the contents of esters such as ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate and ethyl caprylate were relatively higher in the wine samples at the fermentation temperature of 21-23 ℃, endowing the wine with richer floral and fruity characteristics. The higher contents of 2,3-butanedione and diethyl succinate in the samples fermented at 24-26 ℃ gave the wines a more intense creamy and fruity characteristics. The aroma character of isoamyl alcohol was more pronounced at the fermentation temperature of 27-29 ℃. In the sensory tasting, the samples fermented at 21-23 ℃ received higher scores. In conclusion, the samples that underwent MLF at 21-23 ℃ had lower volatile acid content and emitted more intense aroma.

Vegetable soybeans have gradually become popular as consumer products due to their rich nutrition and unique taste. But they have high moisture content and a short supply period. Browning and decay are highly prone to occur during storage and market circulation, directly affecting the efficiency of cultivation. To solve the problem of supply and demand in the vegetable soybean market, it is mainly to apply the storage and preservation technology to extend the shelf life and process them into products in time to improve the utilization rate. This article summarized the research progress of vegetable soybeans in the storage, preservation, post-harvest processing, and value-added utilization. The development of the vegetable soybean industry is comprehensively prospected in Zhejiang Province of China in order to provide a reference for the processing and utilization of vegetable soybeans.

The purpose of this study is to understand the internal relationship between feather color and production traits of Shaoxing ducks. On the basis of the reciprocal cross experiment, 836 Shaoxing ducks with good health were selected. By comparing the body weight, slaughter performance, and meat quality of Shaoxing ducks with different feather colors of the same age, the influence of feather color on the production performance of Shaoxing ducks was analyzed. The results showed that the feather color of Shaoxing ducks was correlated with body weight, chest muscle weight, abdominal fat weight, abdominal fat percentage, chest depth, chest width, tibia length, hip bone width, tibia circumference, and pH value of leg muscle, and the feather color of Shaoxing ducks affected their growth performance. This study provided theoretical basis for the development and utilization and the breeding of high-quality Shaoxing duck with white feather.

To screen effective forage planting patterns for ecological restoration of saline-alkali soil in the Ningxia section of the Yellow River beach land, this study employed alfalfa monoculture and four mixed-sowing patterns as experimental treatments. Using a combination of field sampling and laboratory experiments, soil pH value, total salt content, and soluble salt ion concentrations were measured in the third year after planting to evaluate the improvement effects of different forage planting patterns on saline-alkali soil. The results showed that the soil pH in the study area ranged from 8.0 to 8.5, indicating slightly alkaline soil. In the 0-20 cm soil layer, the alfalfa monoculture and mixed-sowing pattern A exhibited higher total salt content compared to other patterns, while mixed-sowing pattern B had the highest total salt content in the >20-40 cm soil layer. Compared with the soil depth, the type of forage planting had a more significant impact on soil soluble salt ion content, while the interaction between forage planting type and soil depth showed no significant impact. Total soil salt content exhibited a highly significantly positive correlation with Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, $\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}$, and Cl^- content, a significantly negative correlation with $\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^{-}$ content, and no significant correlation with $\mathrm{CO}_{3}^{2-}$ content. In conclusion, mixed sowing of alfalfa with gramineous forage demonstrated the best restoration effect on the Yellow River beach land. This study provides a reference for vegetation selection in ecological restoration of saline-alkali soil in the Ningxia section of the Yellow River.

Through the investigation and sampling of cultivated land and garden soil in Zhejiang Province, and the determination of soil physical and chemical properties, the results showed that the saline alkali soil with pH value greater than 8.0 accounted for about 4.7% of cultivated land and garden soil in Zhejiang Province, which was mainly distributed in the coastal areas of Hangzhou Bay, the eastern coastal areas and the lower part of the plains, middle steps or hills in Zhoushan Archipelago. The unit weight of saline alkali soil was higher, with an average of 1.30 g·cm^-3, which was 13% higher than the average level of soil in the province; the average soil salt content was 0.86 g·kg^-1, which was 23% higher than that of the whole province; The contents of soil organic matter and total nitrogen were 15.74 g·kg^-1 and 1.07 g·kg^-1, respectively, which were 48% and 42% lower than those of the whole province; The contents of rapidly available potassium and slowly available potassium in saline alkali soil were 227.5 g·kg^-1 and 685.44 g·kg^-1, respectively, which were 62% and 90% higher than those in the whole province. The purpose of improvement and utilization can be achieved through engineering measures, agronomic measures or chemical measures. This study can provide reference for the improvement of saline alkali soil.

In order to understand the composition and floristic characteristics of Pteridophytes in Baiyun Mountain and Yuexiu Mountain, the field investigation and literature analysis were carried out. The results showed that there were 77 species of Pteridophytes in the two places, belonging to 22 families and 41 genera. The similarities of families, genera and species were 81.82%, 58.54% and 49.35%, respectively. The dominant families (species≥5) in Baiyun Mountain and Yuexiu Mountain are Pteridaceae and Thelypteridaceae. The flora of families and genera of Pteridophytes in the two places are dominated by pantropic distribution and world distribution. Among them, there are 11 families in pantropic distribution, accounting for 52.38%, and 6 families in the world distribution, accounting for 28.57%; There are 18 genera in pantropical distribution, accounting for 50.00%, and 9 genera in the world distribution, accounting for 25.00%; The flora of species is dominated by pantropical distribution and tropical Asia distribution, 38 species are distributed in pantropical distribution, accounting for 57.58%, and 15 species are distributed in tropical Asia distribution, accounting for 22.73%. Therefore, the region has a significant tropical and subtropical flora attribute.

The queen bee is crucial to the development of the bee colony. To explore the influence of cup material on the rearing of Apis cerana and optimize the artificial queen rearing technology of Apis cerana, this study conducted the effects of different cup materials including plastic, Chinese bee wax, and Italian bee wax, on the rearing of Apis cerana, and compared the birth weight, emergence rate and morphological indicators of Apis cerana. It was found that the emergence rates of queen bees reared on Italian bee wax, Chinese bee wax, and plastic cups were 73.33%, 70.56%, and 50.56%, respectively, with no significant difference(P>0.05). Similarly, the birth weights of queen bees reared on Chinese bee wax, Italian bee wax, and plastic cups were 185.43, 183.63, and 179.62 g, respectively, also with no significant difference(P>0.05).The queen bee, when reared in an Italian bee wax cup, exhibited significantly elongated femur, fourth tergite, head, and upper jaw in comparison to those reared in a plastic cup (P<0.05)and there was no significant difference when compared to those reared in a Chinese bee wax cup (P>0.05)(except the upper jaw length). In contrast, the queen bee reared in a Chinese bee wax cup demonstrated significantly extended third tergites compared with those reared in a plastic cup (P<0.05), yet no significant difference was noted when compared with those reared in an Italian bee cup (P>0.05). Queen bees reared on plastic cell cups had significantly wider heads than those on Italian bee wax cups (P<0.05), but showed no significant difference when compared with those on Chinese bee wax cups (P>0.05). Queens on Italian bee wax cups had significantly longer upper jaw than those on Chinese bee wax or plastic cups (P<0.05). Cup materials influenced the height and morphology of queen bee but had no effect on their emergence rate or birth weight. Despite these changes, the materials did not impact the cultivation process of Apis cerana queens.

In order to study the effects of oxalic acid on rhizosphere bacteria of flax in cadmium-contaminated soil, a pot experiment was conducted. The rhizosphere soil of flax was taken at the physiological maturity stage, and the effects of different concentrations of oxalic acid on rhizosphere bacterial diversity and community composition of flax in cadmium-contaminated soil were analyzed by Illumina-MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the treatment with high concentration of oxalic acid could increase the OTU number of rhizosphere bacteria in the cadmium-contaminated soil. ACE, Chao1, Simpson and Shannon index values were the highest under the treatment with 2.5 mmol·kg^-1 oxalic acid, among which Simpson and Shannon index values were significantly higher than the control. The results of PCoA analysis showed that the community structure of bacterial OTU in rhizosphere soil of flax treated with high concentration of oxalic acid was the most different from that in control. In terms of bacterial composition, the dominant bacteria phylum and dominant bacteria genus were Patescibacteria and TM7a, respectively, with an average proportion of 40.60% and 26.06%, respectively. In summary, the treatment with 2.5 mmol·kg^-1of oxalic acid can increase the diversity and abundance of rhizosphere bacteria in cadmium-contaminated soil, and has the greatest effect on bacterial composition. This study can be helpful to provide a theoretical reference for the subsequent research on the effects of oxalic acid and other exogenous organic acids on cadmium absorption in flax.

Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors are widely found in nature and consist of one or more Kunitz domains, which are usually composed of two α-helices, a pair of antiparallel β-pleated sheets, a β-turn, and two loops, with 2-3 conserved disulfide bonds. These proteins containing Kunitz domains tightly bind to serine proteases in a substrate-like manner, effectively blocking the active site of the enzyme and inhibiting its activity. This article reviewd the important role of these inhibitors in anti-tumor, anti-coagulation, anti-inflammation, anti-microbial and so on.

Based on field research and resource surveys, this study examines the current status of famous, special, excellent and new agricultural products in Zhejiang Province. The findings reveal that there are abundant resources of high-quality characteristic agricultural products, which are suitable for promoting the high-quality development of famous, special, excellent and new agricultural products. However, the overall development is currently in its infancy. This paper conducts in-depth exploration from the aspects of policy support and brand building, and proposes corresponding measures. The goal is to have the total number of famous, special and excellent, new agricultural products in Zhejiang Province exceed 100 by the end of 2025, enhance the industrial scale and national reputation, and make Zhejiang Province rank among the first in the development of national famous, special, excellent and new agricultural products.

In order to achieve the synergistic development of agricultural digitisation and agricultural carbon emissions in Yunnan Province, agricultural digitisation and agricultural carbon emissions in Yunnan Province were measured from 2012 to 2021, and the decoupling characteristics of the two were analysed using the Tapio model, and a weak decoupling between the two was shown from 2012 to 2014, which was a more desirable condition. However, a strong negative decoupling occurred in 2015, which was an undesirable condition, and in 2016, the state returned to a weak decoupling again,which was a more desirable condition, and from 2017 to 2020, a strong decoupling again occurred between the two, which was a more desirable condition. However, in 2021, the two entered a state of declining connectivity, which was acceptable but not the most ideal. Overall, the decoupling state of agricultural digitisation and agricultural carbon emissions was more desirable, and the better the development of the digital economy, the more it can suppress the growth of agricultural carbon emissions. Finally, based on the results, corresponding suggestions are made for the synergistic development of agricultural digital economy and agricultural carbon emissions in Yunnan Province.

In response to the new era development concepts of the country, Qiqihar City adheres to giving priority to the development of agriculture and rural areas, striving to achieve an effective connection between consolidating and expanding the achievements of poverty alleviation and the rural revitalization strategy. To achieve the rural industrial revitalization strategy of Qiqihar City, this article took 9 county-level units in Qiqihar City as examples, constructed an index system for the integration of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries in rural areas, collected panel data from 2017 to 2021, measured and analyzed the level of rural industrial integration in Qiqihar by using the entropy method and the obstacle degree model, and puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions for the industrial integration problem in rural areas: strengthening the construction of a modern agricultural service system, promoting the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, optimizing the agricultural industrial chain, vigorously expanding the multi-functional development of agriculture, and improving the rural industrial integration system, which will provide assistance for promoting the sustainable development of the rural economy in Qiqihar City.

Green production is an important part of promoting the green transformation of agriculture, and is also a key link to achieve high-quality agricultural development. At present, the e-commerce of agricultural products is booming. This paper introduced the concept of green cognition to further explore the internal relationship between participation in e-commerce, green cognition and farmers' green production behavior. Based on the survey data of peach growers in Shanquan Town, Sichuan Province, the hierarchical regression method was used to analyze the impact of e-commerce participation and green cognition on farmers' green production behavior, and the robustness of the model was tested. The empirical results proved that participation in e-commerce could significantly promote farmers' green production behavior, and verified that green cognition had a complete intermediary effect in this process, which was reflected in three dimensions: technology, environment and product. In promoting farmers' green production transformation path, green technology cognition was the key, environmental protection awareness was the guarantee, and green product brand image was an important incentive. The government should promote farmers' green production behavior by increasing the support of agricultural products e-commerce technology and policies and improving farmers' green cognition.

As an emerging woody high protein and high-value feed, Broussonetia papyrifera has played a positive role in China's animal husbandry industry. This article introduced the current development status of the Broussonetia papyrifera industry. Based on the progress of standardization work in China's Broussonetia papyrifera industry, this paper analyzed the current situation of the domestic Broussonetia papyrifera standard system, and put forward suggestions for the standardization development and construction of the entire Broussonetia papyrifera industry chain in China. This article aims to provide a basis for better promoting the development of the Broussonetia papyrifera industry and a reference for the construction of a standard system for Broussonetia papyrifera.