不同嗜热微生物对猪粪高温堆肥的影响研究

doi:10.16178/j.issn.0528-9017.20250305

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

畜禽粪等生物质废弃物质高温堆肥制备有机肥是畜禽粪的主要利用方式,利用嗜热微生物进行堆肥可以显著提升堆肥效率,然而当前对于不同嗜热微生物及其组合对畜禽粪堆肥的影响研究较少。本研究以猪粪为原料,系统地探究单一或复合接种嗜热菌对猪粪高温堆肥的影响。采用热球状尿素芽孢杆菌Z2-1、脲芽孢杆菌Z4-4和嗜热嗜蛋白芽孢杆菌H3-1等3株嗜热菌,设置7个处理组和1个对照组(CK)进行猪粪高温堆肥试验。试验结果表明,接种不同嗜热微生物均能提升堆肥温度,减少堆肥氮素损失,提高堆肥成品的种子发芽率。其中,接种由3株嗜热菌复配而成的菌剂处理G的最高堆肥温度达77.2 ℃,且70.0 ℃以上高温持续时间最长(5 d),提升了其无害化效果。此外,微生物活动促进了有机质的降解,处理G的有机质含量降幅最大,全氮含量降幅最小,具有较好的保氮效果保氮效果最好。堆肥结束时,所有处理的种子发芽指数(GI)均大于80.0%,其中处理G的GI值高达100.1%,高于对照。此外,接种由3株嗜热菌复配而成的菌剂提高了堆体中芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)的相对丰度,加速了有机质的降解。因此,接种复合嗜热菌剂可有效促进猪粪高温堆肥中有机物质的转化,提升堆肥品质和腐熟效率。

关键词: 猪粪, 高温堆肥, 嗜热微生物, 微生物群落

Abstract:

High-temperature composting of biomass waste materials such as livestock and poultry manure to prepare organic fertilizer is the main utilization method of livestock and poultry manure. Thermophilic microorganisms can significantly enhance composting efficiency. However, current research remains limited regarding the effects of different thermophilic microbial strains and their combinations on livestock manure composting. This study systematically investigated the impacts of single or compound inoculations of thermophilic bacteria on pig manure composting. Three thermophilic strains (Ureibacillus thermosphaericus Z2-1, Ureibacillus sp. Z4-4, and Geobacillus proteiniphilus H3-1) were employed to establish seven treatment groups and one control group (CK) for high-temperature composting experiments. The results demonstrated that all microbial inoculations elevated composting temperature, reduced nitrogen loss, and improved seed germination rate of final products. Notably, treatment G inoculated with the three-strain consortium achieved the highest temperature (77.2 ℃) and longest duration above 70.0 ℃ (5 days), enhancing harmless efficiency. Besides, microbial activities promoted organic matter degradation, the organic matter content of treatment G decreased the most, and the total nitrogen content decreased the least, indicating a better nitrogen retention effect. The germination index (GI) values of all treatments exceeded 80.0% at the end of composting, with treatment G reaching 100.1%, higher than CK (85.6%). Additionally, the compound inoculated with the bacterial agent compounded from three thermophilic bacteria increased the relative abundance of Bacillota in the compost community, accelerating organic matter decomposition. These findings indicate that compound thermophilic inoculants effectively promote organic matter transformation, enhance compost quality, and improve maturation efficiency in pig manure composting systems.

Key words: pig manure, high-temperature composting, thermophilic microorganisms, microbial community

中图分类号:

S141.4

王亚菲, 王经邦, 郭瑞, 朱凤香, 张涛, 洪春来, 姚燕来. 不同嗜热微生物对猪粪高温堆肥的影响研究[J]. 浙江农业科学, 2025, 66(8): 2015-2024.

WANG Yafei, WANG Jingbang, GUO Rui, ZHU Fengxiang, ZHANG Tao, HONG Chunlai, YAO Yanlai. Study on the effects of different thermophilic microorganisms on high-temperature composting of pig manure[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 66(8): 2015-2024.

图/表 11

表1 堆肥试验原料基本理化性质

Table 1 Basic properties of main composting materials

原料	含水率/ %	pH值	碳含量/ %	全氮含量/ %	碳氮比 (C/N)
猪粪	73.44	8.31	33.35	2.91	11.46
木屑	30.23	6.80	42.73	0.57	74.96

表2 接种不同菌剂的试验处理

Table 2 Treatments by inoculating different thermophilic agents

处理	接种的菌剂
处理A	单一菌Z2-1
处理B	单一菌Z4-4
处理C	单一菌H3-1
处理D	菌H3-1和菌Z2-1等体积混合
处理E	菌H3-1和菌Z4-4等体积混合
处理F	菌Z2-1和菌Z4-4等体积混合
处理G	菌Z2-1、菌Z4-4、菌H3-1等体积混合
对照(CK)	无菌水

图1 堆肥过程中的温度变化

Fig.1 Changes of temperature during composting

图2 堆肥过程中pH值(左)和电导率(右)的变化

Fig.2 Changes of pH values(left) and electrical conductivity(right) during composting

图3 堆肥过程中各养分含量的变化

Fig.3 Changes of various nutrients during composting

图4 堆肥过程中总养分(N+P2O5+K2O)含量的变化

Fig.4 Changes of total nutrients(N+P2O5+K2O)during composting

图5 堆肥过程中种子发芽指数的变化

Fig.5 Changes of germination index during composting

表3 不同处理在不同取样时间的OTU数目

Table 3 OTUs numbers at different sampling time under various treatments

处理	OTU数(0 d)	OTU数(3 d)	OTU数(8 d)	OTU数(15 d)	OTU数(30 d)
处理A	1 411	1 239	1 253	1 455	1 097
处理B		1 705	1 256	1 459	1 091
处理C		1 145	1 282	1 461	1 094
处理D		1 158	1 253	1 451	1 202
处理E		1 156	1 250	1 456	1 092
处理F		1 158	1 251	1 453	1 103
处理G		1 170	1 250	1 455	1 086
对照(CK)		1 147	1 268	1 504	1 173

表4 不同处理在不同取样时间的Shannon指数

Table 4 Shannon index at different sampling time under various treatments

处理	取样时间
处理	0 d	3 d	8 d	15 d	30 d
处理A	4.400 54	5.098 90	5.194 71	5.087 31	5.237 85
处理B		5.267 95	5.378 55	5.139 29	5.029 70
处理C		5.291 06	5.560 83	5.308 31	5.282 76
处理D		5.057 56	5.069 74	4.992 67	5.339 58
处理E		5.279 84	5.225 11	5.153 67	5.000 04
处理F		5.356 79	5.198 51	4.748 55	4.929 20
处理G		5.075 06	5.244 05	5.010 89	4.974 25
对照(CK)		4.800 43	5.254 30	5.219 20	4.873 16

图6 不同堆肥阶段各处理的微生物群落在门水平的分布

Fig.6 Distribution of microbial communities at the phylum level across different treatments during various composting stages

图7 不同堆肥阶段各处理的细菌群落与理化因子的冗余分析

Fig.7 Redundancy analysis of bacterial communities and physicochemical factors across different treatments during various composting stages

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