
Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences ›› 2026, Vol. 67 ›› Issue (3): 608-616.DOI: 10.16178/j.issn.0528-9017.20250019
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XU Qiang1(
), SU Xuemiao2, MIAO Chenlin1, ZHANG Yifan1, YANG Yue1, CHEN Chao3, HUANG Enhua4, WU Hao5, ZHANG Yuhai6(
), HU Zongyu1(
)
Received:2025-01-09
Online:2026-03-11
Published:2026-03-30
Contact:
ZHANG Yuhai,HU Zongyu
CLC Number:
XU Qiang, SU Xuemiao, MIAO Chenlin, ZHANG Yifan, YANG Yue, CHEN Chao, HUANG Enhua, WU Hao, ZHANG Yuhai, HU Zongyu. The classification method of physical characteristics of tobacco leaves based on K-means clustering[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, 2026, 67(3): 608-616.
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URL: http://www.zjnykx.cn/EN/10.16178/j.issn.0528-9017.20250019
| 产地 | 样本数量 | 产地 | 样本数量 | 产地 | 样本数量 | 产地 | 样本数量 | 产地 | 样本数量 | 产地 | 样本数量 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 安康 | 6 | 恩施 | 22 | 丽江 | 15 | 攀枝花 | 6 | 韶关 | 15 | 信阳 | 4 |
| 安顺 | 5 | 抚州 | 10 | 凉山 | 48 | 平顶山 | 16 | 邵阳 | 6 | 许昌 | 10 |
| 白城 | 3 | 赣州 | 16 | 临沧 | 22 | 普洱 | 29 | 双鸭山 | 4 | 宣城 | 10 |
| 百色 | 6 | 广元 | 4 | 临沂 | 18 | 黔东南 | 15 | 绥化 | 4 | 延安 | 2 |
| 宝鸡 | 5 | 贵阳 | 6 | 龙岩 | 15 | 黔南 | 7 | 铁岭 | 6 | 宜宾 | 8 |
| 保山 | 21 | 哈尔滨 | 4 | 陇南 | 3 | 黔西南 | 17 | 铜仁 | 6 | 宜昌 | 4 |
| 毕节 | 18 | 河池 | 4 | 泸州 | 6 | 庆阳 | 9 | 潍坊 | 4 | 宜春 | 4 |
| 常德 | 4 | 贺州 | 4 | 洛阳 | 34 | 曲靖 | 30 | 文山 | 17 | 永州 | 31 |
| 郴州 | 22 | 衡阳 | 8 | 漯河 | 6 | 日照 | 7 | 芜湖 | 4 | 玉溪 | 32 |
| 楚雄 | 29 | 红河 | 15 | 梅州 | 12 | 三门峡 | 41 | 咸阳 | 4 | 运城 | 7 |
| 大理 | 31 | 佳木斯 | 6 | 牡丹江 | 10 | 三明 | 30 | 湘西 | 3 | 长沙 | 6 |
| 丹东 | 7 | 昆明 | 27 | 南平 | 23 | 商洛 | 6 | 襄阳 | 5 | 遵义 | 34 |
Table 1 Distribution of tobacco leaf sample origins
| 产地 | 样本数量 | 产地 | 样本数量 | 产地 | 样本数量 | 产地 | 样本数量 | 产地 | 样本数量 | 产地 | 样本数量 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 安康 | 6 | 恩施 | 22 | 丽江 | 15 | 攀枝花 | 6 | 韶关 | 15 | 信阳 | 4 |
| 安顺 | 5 | 抚州 | 10 | 凉山 | 48 | 平顶山 | 16 | 邵阳 | 6 | 许昌 | 10 |
| 白城 | 3 | 赣州 | 16 | 临沧 | 22 | 普洱 | 29 | 双鸭山 | 4 | 宣城 | 10 |
| 百色 | 6 | 广元 | 4 | 临沂 | 18 | 黔东南 | 15 | 绥化 | 4 | 延安 | 2 |
| 宝鸡 | 5 | 贵阳 | 6 | 龙岩 | 15 | 黔南 | 7 | 铁岭 | 6 | 宜宾 | 8 |
| 保山 | 21 | 哈尔滨 | 4 | 陇南 | 3 | 黔西南 | 17 | 铜仁 | 6 | 宜昌 | 4 |
| 毕节 | 18 | 河池 | 4 | 泸州 | 6 | 庆阳 | 9 | 潍坊 | 4 | 宜春 | 4 |
| 常德 | 4 | 贺州 | 4 | 洛阳 | 34 | 曲靖 | 30 | 文山 | 17 | 永州 | 31 |
| 郴州 | 22 | 衡阳 | 8 | 漯河 | 6 | 日照 | 7 | 芜湖 | 4 | 玉溪 | 32 |
| 楚雄 | 29 | 红河 | 15 | 梅州 | 12 | 三门峡 | 41 | 咸阳 | 4 | 运城 | 7 |
| 大理 | 31 | 佳木斯 | 6 | 牡丹江 | 10 | 三明 | 30 | 湘西 | 3 | 长沙 | 6 |
| 丹东 | 7 | 昆明 | 27 | 南平 | 23 | 商洛 | 6 | 襄阳 | 5 | 遵义 | 34 |
| 指标 | 样本数 | 缺失值数量 | 平均值 | 标准差 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 黏附力/N | 938 | 6 | 7.397 1 | 2.308 4 |
| 剪切强度/(kN·m-1) | 938 | 7 | 0.246 7 | 0.048 5 |
| 穿透强度/(N·mm-2) | 938 | 7 | 0.572 9 | 0.101 0 |
| 拉力/N | 938 | 319 | 1.737 3 | 0.388 2 |
| 伸长率/% | 938 | 319 | 15.181 6 | 3.541 4 |
| 叶梗结合力/N | 938 | 6 | 0.694 6 | 0.223 4 |
| 支脉结合力/N | 938 | 6 | 1.448 6 | 0.348 1 |
Table 2 Descriptive statistics of physical indicators of tobacco leaves
| 指标 | 样本数 | 缺失值数量 | 平均值 | 标准差 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 黏附力/N | 938 | 6 | 7.397 1 | 2.308 4 |
| 剪切强度/(kN·m-1) | 938 | 7 | 0.246 7 | 0.048 5 |
| 穿透强度/(N·mm-2) | 938 | 7 | 0.572 9 | 0.101 0 |
| 拉力/N | 938 | 319 | 1.737 3 | 0.388 2 |
| 伸长率/% | 938 | 319 | 15.181 6 | 3.541 4 |
| 叶梗结合力/N | 938 | 6 | 0.694 6 | 0.223 4 |
| 支脉结合力/N | 938 | 6 | 1.448 6 | 0.348 1 |
| 物理特性指标 | 黏附力 | 剪切强度 | 穿透强度 | 叶梗结合力 | 支脉结合力 | 拉力 | 伸长率 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 伸长率 | 0.18 | -0.09 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 1.00 |
| 拉力 | -0.10 | 0.13 | 0.44 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 1.00 | 0.29 |
| 支脉结合力 | 0.12 | 0 | 0.04 | 0.84 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 0.24 |
| 叶梗结合力 | 0.09 | -0.03 | -0.10 | 1.00 | 0.84 | 0.03 | 0.16 |
| 穿透强度 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 1.00 | -0.10 | 0.04 | 0.44 | 0.11 |
| 剪切强度 | -0.05 | 1.00 | 0.12 | -0.03 | 0 | 0.13 | -0.09 |
| 黏附力 | 1.00 | -0.05 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.12 | -0.10 | 0.18 |
Table 3 The correlation coefficient of physical property indicators of tobacco leaves
| 物理特性指标 | 黏附力 | 剪切强度 | 穿透强度 | 叶梗结合力 | 支脉结合力 | 拉力 | 伸长率 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 伸长率 | 0.18 | -0.09 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 1.00 |
| 拉力 | -0.10 | 0.13 | 0.44 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 1.00 | 0.29 |
| 支脉结合力 | 0.12 | 0 | 0.04 | 0.84 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 0.24 |
| 叶梗结合力 | 0.09 | -0.03 | -0.10 | 1.00 | 0.84 | 0.03 | 0.16 |
| 穿透强度 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 1.00 | -0.10 | 0.04 | 0.44 | 0.11 |
| 剪切强度 | -0.05 | 1.00 | 0.12 | -0.03 | 0 | 0.13 | -0.09 |
| 黏附力 | 1.00 | -0.05 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.12 | -0.10 | 0.18 |
| 物理指标 | 计数 | 平均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 中位数 | 最大值 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 黏附力/N | 487 | 7.365 641 | 2.354 666 | 1.570 891 | 7.440 300 | 15.139 040 |
| 剪切强度/(kN·m-1) | 487 | 0.249 254 | 0.046 591 | 0.152 850 | 0.244 673 | 0.432 180 |
| 穿透强度/(N·mm-2) | 487 | 0.573 191 | 0.102 067 | 0.282 552 | 0.565 866 | 0.889 040 |
| 叶梗结合力/N | 487 | 0.674 358 | 0.212 187 | 0.246 416 | 0.640 332 | 1.461 616 |
| 支脉结合力/N | 487 | 1.416 322 | 0.340 530 | 0.687 400 | 1.356 756 | 2.729 844 |
| 拉力/N | 487 | 1.729 990 | 0.384 078 | 0.606 100 | 1.690 889 | 3.712 250 |
| 伸长率/% | 487 | 15.071 210 | 3.583 552 | 3.658 333 | 15.376 847 | 27.381 000 |
Table 4 Training/validation set data description statistics
| 物理指标 | 计数 | 平均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 中位数 | 最大值 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 黏附力/N | 487 | 7.365 641 | 2.354 666 | 1.570 891 | 7.440 300 | 15.139 040 |
| 剪切强度/(kN·m-1) | 487 | 0.249 254 | 0.046 591 | 0.152 850 | 0.244 673 | 0.432 180 |
| 穿透强度/(N·mm-2) | 487 | 0.573 191 | 0.102 067 | 0.282 552 | 0.565 866 | 0.889 040 |
| 叶梗结合力/N | 487 | 0.674 358 | 0.212 187 | 0.246 416 | 0.640 332 | 1.461 616 |
| 支脉结合力/N | 487 | 1.416 322 | 0.340 530 | 0.687 400 | 1.356 756 | 2.729 844 |
| 拉力/N | 487 | 1.729 990 | 0.384 078 | 0.606 100 | 1.690 889 | 3.712 250 |
| 伸长率/% | 487 | 15.071 210 | 3.583 552 | 3.658 333 | 15.376 847 | 27.381 000 |
| 物理指标 | 计数 | 平均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 中位数 | 最大值 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 黏附力/N | 122 | 7.545 989 | 2.497 425 | 2.777 712 | 7.349 419 | 14.512 170 |
| 剪切强度/(kN·m-1) | 122 | 0.250 875 | 0.048 672 | 0.170 509 | 0.244 347 | 0.442 815 |
| 穿透强度/(N·mm-2) | 122 | 0.582 039 | 0.094 653 | 0.388 210 | 0.581 151 | 0.825 715 |
| 叶梗结合力/N | 122 | 0.656 555 | 0.203 680 | 0.280 868 | 0.605 275 | 1.447 579 |
| 支脉结合力/N | 122 | 1.365 071 | 0.294 432 | 0.812 420 | 1.360 436 | 2.337 398 |
| 拉力/N | 122 | 1.767 884 | 0.415 269 | 1.118 063 | 1.739 621 | 3.095 400 |
| 伸长率/% | 122 | 15.524 080 | 3.437 281 | 5.155 833 | 15.548 855 | 24.300 000 |
Table 5 Test set data description statistics
| 物理指标 | 计数 | 平均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 中位数 | 最大值 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 黏附力/N | 122 | 7.545 989 | 2.497 425 | 2.777 712 | 7.349 419 | 14.512 170 |
| 剪切强度/(kN·m-1) | 122 | 0.250 875 | 0.048 672 | 0.170 509 | 0.244 347 | 0.442 815 |
| 穿透强度/(N·mm-2) | 122 | 0.582 039 | 0.094 653 | 0.388 210 | 0.581 151 | 0.825 715 |
| 叶梗结合力/N | 122 | 0.656 555 | 0.203 680 | 0.280 868 | 0.605 275 | 1.447 579 |
| 支脉结合力/N | 122 | 1.365 071 | 0.294 432 | 0.812 420 | 1.360 436 | 2.337 398 |
| 拉力/N | 122 | 1.767 884 | 0.415 269 | 1.118 063 | 1.739 621 | 3.095 400 |
| 伸长率/% | 122 | 15.524 080 | 3.437 281 | 5.155 833 | 15.548 855 | 24.300 000 |
| 模型 | 簇个数 | 主成分个数 | 平均轮廓系数 |
|---|---|---|---|
| K-means | 3 | 2 | 0.354 074 |
| GMM | 3 | 2 | 0.309 502 |
Table 6 Summary of validation set performance
| 模型 | 簇个数 | 主成分个数 | 平均轮廓系数 |
|---|---|---|---|
| K-means | 3 | 2 | 0.354 074 |
| GMM | 3 | 2 | 0.309 502 |
| 类别 | 中心点位置 | 样本数 |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | (-1.072 4,-0.572 9) | 49 |
| 1 | (-0.110 7,1.449 0) | 38 |
| 2 | (1.524 6,-0.573 0) | 35 |
| 平均轮廓系数 | 0.308 | |
| PCA方差占比/% | 50 | |
Table 7 The statistical indicators of the test cluster
| 类别 | 中心点位置 | 样本数 |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | (-1.072 4,-0.572 9) | 49 |
| 1 | (-0.110 7,1.449 0) | 38 |
| 2 | (1.524 6,-0.573 0) | 35 |
| 平均轮廓系数 | 0.308 | |
| PCA方差占比/% | 50 | |
| 类别 | 中心点位置 | 样本数 |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | (-1.072 4,-0.572 9) | 36 |
| 1 | (-0.110 7,1.449 0) | 24 |
| 2 | (1.524 6,-0.573 0) | 16 |
| 平均轮廓系数 | 0.500 | |
| PCA方差占比/% | 50 | |
Table 8 The clustering statistics index of the test set after eliminating abnormal samples
| 类别 | 中心点位置 | 样本数 |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | (-1.072 4,-0.572 9) | 36 |
| 1 | (-0.110 7,1.449 0) | 24 |
| 2 | (1.524 6,-0.573 0) | 16 |
| 平均轮廓系数 | 0.500 | |
| PCA方差占比/% | 50 | |
| 类别 | 中心点位置 | 样本数 |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | (-1.110 9,-0.610 4) | 177 |
| 1 | (-0.051 4,1.297 3) | 128 |
| 2 | (1.550 3,-0.655 5) | 120 |
| 平均轮廓系数 | 0.505 | |
| PCA方差占比/% | 50.100 | |
Table 9 The clustering statistics index of the entire sample after eliminating abnormal samples
| 类别 | 中心点位置 | 样本数 |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | (-1.110 9,-0.610 4) | 177 |
| 1 | (-0.051 4,1.297 3) | 128 |
| 2 | (1.550 3,-0.655 5) | 120 |
| 平均轮廓系数 | 0.505 | |
| PCA方差占比/% | 50.100 | |
| 簇号 | 物理指标 | 样本数 | 最小值 | 最大值 | 平均值 | 标准偏差 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 黏附力/N | 177 | 1.570 9 | 14.512 2 | 6.816 2 | 2.276 6 |
| 剪切强度/(kN·m-1) | 0.152 9 | 0.442 8 | 0.240 9 | 0.047 8 | ||
| 穿透强度/(N·mm-2) | 0.282 6 | 0.670 4 | 0.516 4 | 0.066 3 | ||
| 叶梗结合力/N | 0.286 8 | 0.814 5 | 0.553 4 | 0.115 1 | ||
| 支脉结合力/N | 0.687 4 | 1.583 4 | 1.174 0 | 0.173 8 | ||
| 拉力/N | 0.606 1 | 2.148 9 | 1.452 2 | 0.248 8 | ||
| 伸长率/% | 3.658 3 | 20.114 7 | 13.171 5 | 3.446 3 | ||
| 1 | 黏附力/N | 128 | 3.127 3 | 15.139 0 | 7.189 6 | 2.393 9 |
| 剪切强度/(kN·m-1) | 0.173 1 | 0.363 8 | 0.270 9 | 0.043 1 | ||
| 穿透强度/(N·mm-2) | 0.443 6 | 0.866 0 | 0.666 9 | 0.074 9 | ||
| 叶梗结合力/N | 0.246 4 | 0.864 1 | 0.578 3 | 0.110 1 | ||
| 支脉结合力/N | 0.784 0 | 1.990 6 | 1.306 2 | 0.187 4 | ||
| 拉力/N | 1.351 5 | 3.335 6 | 2.102 6 | 0.357 4 | ||
| 伸长率/% | 4.721 8 | 22.618 6 | 15.866 6 | 2.984 4 | ||
| 2 | 黏附力/N | 120 | 3.697 9 | 12.775 4 | 7.987 6 | 2.210 1 |
| 剪切强度/(kN·m-1) | 0.156 9 | 0.384 4 | 0.238 9 | 0.039 9 | ||
| 穿透强度/(N·mm-2) | 0.386 1 | 0.746 5 | 0.548 9 | 0.092 0 | ||
| 叶梗结合力/N | 0.663 3 | 1.461 6 | 0.961 1 | 0.163 6 | ||
| 支脉结合力/N | 1.262 5 | 2.729 8 | 1.826 4 | 0.274 8 | ||
| 拉力/N | 1.140 2 | 2.365 8 | 1.701 2 | 0.249 5 | ||
| 伸长率/% | 7.525 8 | 23.343 6 | 16.536 5 | 3.032 8 |
Table 10 Description and statistics of physical indicators of each cluster of tobacco leaves after eliminating outliers
| 簇号 | 物理指标 | 样本数 | 最小值 | 最大值 | 平均值 | 标准偏差 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 黏附力/N | 177 | 1.570 9 | 14.512 2 | 6.816 2 | 2.276 6 |
| 剪切强度/(kN·m-1) | 0.152 9 | 0.442 8 | 0.240 9 | 0.047 8 | ||
| 穿透强度/(N·mm-2) | 0.282 6 | 0.670 4 | 0.516 4 | 0.066 3 | ||
| 叶梗结合力/N | 0.286 8 | 0.814 5 | 0.553 4 | 0.115 1 | ||
| 支脉结合力/N | 0.687 4 | 1.583 4 | 1.174 0 | 0.173 8 | ||
| 拉力/N | 0.606 1 | 2.148 9 | 1.452 2 | 0.248 8 | ||
| 伸长率/% | 3.658 3 | 20.114 7 | 13.171 5 | 3.446 3 | ||
| 1 | 黏附力/N | 128 | 3.127 3 | 15.139 0 | 7.189 6 | 2.393 9 |
| 剪切强度/(kN·m-1) | 0.173 1 | 0.363 8 | 0.270 9 | 0.043 1 | ||
| 穿透强度/(N·mm-2) | 0.443 6 | 0.866 0 | 0.666 9 | 0.074 9 | ||
| 叶梗结合力/N | 0.246 4 | 0.864 1 | 0.578 3 | 0.110 1 | ||
| 支脉结合力/N | 0.784 0 | 1.990 6 | 1.306 2 | 0.187 4 | ||
| 拉力/N | 1.351 5 | 3.335 6 | 2.102 6 | 0.357 4 | ||
| 伸长率/% | 4.721 8 | 22.618 6 | 15.866 6 | 2.984 4 | ||
| 2 | 黏附力/N | 120 | 3.697 9 | 12.775 4 | 7.987 6 | 2.210 1 |
| 剪切强度/(kN·m-1) | 0.156 9 | 0.384 4 | 0.238 9 | 0.039 9 | ||
| 穿透强度/(N·mm-2) | 0.386 1 | 0.746 5 | 0.548 9 | 0.092 0 | ||
| 叶梗结合力/N | 0.663 3 | 1.461 6 | 0.961 1 | 0.163 6 | ||
| 支脉结合力/N | 1.262 5 | 2.729 8 | 1.826 4 | 0.274 8 | ||
| 拉力/N | 1.140 2 | 2.365 8 | 1.701 2 | 0.249 5 | ||
| 伸长率/% | 7.525 8 | 23.343 6 | 16.536 5 | 3.032 8 |
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