覆盖作物应用及其饲料化研究进展

doi:10.16178/j.issn.0528-9017.20231092

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

推行农业可持续发展,倡导保护性耕作已成为世界农业发展的新方向,以覆盖作物为代表的生物耕作因其独有的生态价值和田间效果,得到国内外学者的广泛关注。覆盖作物是指在主栽作物生长期间及收获后,在时间和空间上填充土壤裸露间隙的作物;其在冬季可进行还田处理,或充当青贮饲料,对主栽作物的生长和土壤性质改良具有重要作用。该文基于国内外研究,简要介绍了覆盖作物田间应用情况,包括覆盖作物的起源、种类、功能、管理方式和饲料用途等,阐明了覆盖作物对农田的诸多益处,以期为缓解粮食与饲草用地矛盾,推广覆盖作物田间应用提供理论参考。

关键词: 可持续农业, 覆盖作物, 青贮, 用地矛盾

Abstract:

Promoting sustainable agricultural development and advocating conservation tillage has become a new direction of world agricultural development. Biological tillage represented by cover crops has been widely concerned by scientists at home and abroad because of its unique ecological value and field effects. Cover crop refers to the crop that fills the bare space of soil in time and space during the growth of main crop and after harvest. In winter, it can be returned to the field or used as silage, which plays an important role in the growth of main crops and the improvement of soil properties. Based on the research at home and abroad, this paper briefly introduced the field application of cover crops, including the origin, species, function, management mode and feed use of cover crops, and expounded many benefits of cover crops to farmland. It is expected to provide theoretical reference for alleviating the contradiction between grain and forage land and promoting the field application of cover crops. Promoting sustainable agricultural development and advocating conservation tillage has become a new direction of world agricultural development. Biological tillage represented by cover crops has been widely concerned by scientists at home and abroad because of its unique ecological value and field effects. Cover crop refers to the crop that fills the bare space of soil in time and space during the growth of main crop and after harvest. In winter, it can be returned to the field or used as silage, which plays an important role in the growth of main crops and the improvement of soil properties. Based on the research at home and abroad, this paper briefly introduced the field application of cover crops, including the origin, species, function, management mode and feed use of cover crops, and expounded many benefits of cover crops to farmland. It is expected to provide theoretical reference for alleviating the contradiction between grain and forage land and promoting the field application of cover crops.

Key words: sustainable agriculture, cover crops, silage, land use conflicts

中图分类号:

王广辉, 陈祥福, 周楷轩, 魏萍, 张林夕, 周绪元. 覆盖作物应用及其饲料化研究进展[J]. 浙江农业科学, 2025, 66(1): 201-210.

WANG Guanghui, CHEN Xiangfu, ZHOU Kaixuan, WEI Ping, ZHANG Linxi, ZHOU Xuyuan. Research progress of cover crop application and feed conversion[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 66(1): 201-210.

图/表 6

参考文献 80

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地区	主栽作物	覆盖作物	种植制度	种植效果	参考文献
东北	大豆、玉米	黑麦、燕麦、谷子、卷心菜、野豌豆、毛叶苕子	轮作覆盖、间作覆盖	改良土壤、增加土壤表层有机质	[25]
华北	玉米	二月兰、草木犀、苜蓿、黑麦草、大豆、毛叶苕子	冬闲期覆盖、间作覆盖	提高氮素积累、改善土壤物理特性	[26-27]
西北	马铃薯	苜蓿、草木犀、冬小麦、黑麦草	轮作覆盖	提高土壤有机质和碳氮比	[28]
华东	冬小麦、玉米、蓝莓	苜蓿、油菜、萝卜、毛叶苕子、白叶草	轮作覆盖、间作覆盖	降低土壤紧实度、防治杂草	[29-30]
华中	水稻、猕猴桃、茶	油菜、小麦、波斯菊、百日草、黑麦草、早熟禾、紫羊茅、白三叶、红三叶、马铃薯、紫云英、毛叶苕子、萝卜	轮作覆盖、间作覆盖	提高农田物种丰度、改变土壤环境因子	[31⇓⇓⇓⇓-36]

地区	主栽作物	覆盖作物	种植制度	种植效果	参考文献
东北	大豆、玉米	黑麦、燕麦、谷子、卷心菜、野豌豆、毛叶苕子	轮作覆盖、间作覆盖	改良土壤、增加土壤表层有机质	[25]
华北	玉米	二月兰、草木犀、苜蓿、黑麦草、大豆、毛叶苕子	冬闲期覆盖、间作覆盖	提高氮素积累、改善土壤物理特性	[26-27]
西北	马铃薯	苜蓿、草木犀、冬小麦、黑麦草	轮作覆盖	提高土壤有机质和碳氮比	[28]
华东	冬小麦、玉米、蓝莓	苜蓿、油菜、萝卜、毛叶苕子、白叶草	轮作覆盖、间作覆盖	降低土壤紧实度、防治杂草	[29-30]
华中	水稻、猕猴桃、茶	油菜、小麦、波斯菊、百日草、黑麦草、早熟禾、紫羊茅、白三叶、红三叶、马铃薯、紫云英、毛叶苕子、萝卜	轮作覆盖、间作覆盖	提高农田物种丰度、改变土壤环境因子	[31⇓⇓⇓⇓-36]

地区	主栽作物	覆盖作物	种植制度	种植效果t	参考文献
美国东北部	大豆玉米	黑麦、油菜、萝卜、	间作覆盖	降低氮淋溶,提高秋季土壤氮储量	[43-44]
美国中北部	玉米大豆	燕麦、黑麦、埃及三叶草、中红三叶草、一年生苜蓿	轮作覆盖	减少土壤细沟侵蚀,降低表层水分蒸发量	[45⇓-47]
美国中部	马铃薯	一年生黑麦草、大麦、向日葵、高粱、苏丹草、芥菜、油菜、豌豆、黑麦草	轮作覆盖	增加主栽作物产量	[48]
美国东南部	玉米	绛车轴草、埃及三叶草、波斯三叶草、草莓三叶草	间作覆盖	抑制田间杂草生长,并受杂草侵袭能力而定	[49]
法国东南部	小麦玉米	苜蓿、天蓝苜蓿、红三叶草、白三叶草	间作覆盖	增加了后续作物的氮吸收,提高玉米产量	[50]
加拿大中南部	小麦黑麦	黑扁豆、山黧豆、苜蓿、红三叶草	间作覆盖	提高作物生产力,影响田间微环境	[51]
日本中部	旱稻	黑麦、红三叶草、毛叶苕子	冬闲期单作	提高土壤含水率,抑制土壤风蚀,结合免耕可增强土壤生物活性	[52-53]
荷兰中部	黑小麦	白羽扇豆、饲料萝卜、冬季油菜、意大利黑麦草	轮作覆盖	抑制秋季和春季杂草生长	[54]

地区	主栽作物	覆盖作物	种植制度	种植效果t	参考文献
美国东北部	大豆玉米	黑麦、油菜、萝卜、	间作覆盖	降低氮淋溶,提高秋季土壤氮储量	[43-44]
美国中北部	玉米大豆	燕麦、黑麦、埃及三叶草、中红三叶草、一年生苜蓿	轮作覆盖	减少土壤细沟侵蚀,降低表层水分蒸发量	[45⇓-47]
美国中部	马铃薯	一年生黑麦草、大麦、向日葵、高粱、苏丹草、芥菜、油菜、豌豆、黑麦草	轮作覆盖	增加主栽作物产量	[48]
美国东南部	玉米	绛车轴草、埃及三叶草、波斯三叶草、草莓三叶草	间作覆盖	抑制田间杂草生长,并受杂草侵袭能力而定	[49]
法国东南部	小麦玉米	苜蓿、天蓝苜蓿、红三叶草、白三叶草	间作覆盖	增加了后续作物的氮吸收,提高玉米产量	[50]
加拿大中南部	小麦黑麦	黑扁豆、山黧豆、苜蓿、红三叶草	间作覆盖	提高作物生产力,影响田间微环境	[51]
日本中部	旱稻	黑麦、红三叶草、毛叶苕子	冬闲期单作	提高土壤含水率,抑制土壤风蚀,结合免耕可增强土壤生物活性	[52-53]
荷兰中部	黑小麦	白羽扇豆、饲料萝卜、冬季油菜、意大利黑麦草	轮作覆盖	抑制秋季和春季杂草生长	[54]

播种方式	优势	劣势
单播	播种简单,管理较为单一、短期内可获得较好效果,宜根据所需功能因地制宜进行选择	生长期较短,单一品种抗逆能力弱,功能单一
混播	越冬性强,增加地表覆盖,有效利用光能,控制杂草,生物质生产和固氮,生长期较长,吸引益虫种类多,抗逆性较强,可用作饲草,对不同类型的土壤适应性强	种子费用过高,管理难度大,植物残体过多,播种复杂