有机肥等氮替代化肥对水稻地上部稻谷产量、品质及植株性状的影响

doi:10.16178/j.issn.0528-9017.20230953

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

有机肥部分替代化肥施用能够改善土壤质量、提高土壤肥力,有利于农田土壤的绿色可持续发展。本研究以早稻品种中组18为材料,研究不同用量有机肥等氮替代化肥对水稻产量、稻谷品质和植株性状的影响,以确定水稻种植中有机肥部分替代化肥的适宜比例,实现化肥减量增效。结果表明,与CK相比,施肥显著提高了水稻产量;与CF相比,60M处理的水稻产量显著降低,45%为不影响水稻产量的最大有机肥替代比率。与CK相比,施肥显著提高了稻谷的整精米率、垩白粒率、淀粉含量和稻谷的蛋白质含量;与CF相比,60M处理的稻谷整精米率和淀粉含量显著降低,45%为不影响稻谷品质的最大有机肥替代比率。与CK相比,施肥显著提高了水稻株高、分蘖数、有效穗数、穗粒数和穗长;与CF相比,有机肥替代并不会对水稻的植株生长性状产生影响。与CK相比,施肥显著改变了植株的氮磷钾养分含量;与CF相比,60M处理的植株氮和钾含量显著降低,45%为不影响植株养分的最大有机肥替代比率。综上,与施用化肥相比较,有机肥60%氮替代处理会对水稻产量、稻谷品质和植株性状产生较大不利影响,为达到化肥减量增效的目的,有机肥45%等氮替代化肥为稻田种植最佳替代比例。

关键词: 有机肥, 等氮替代, 水稻产量, 稻谷品质, 植株性状

Abstract:

Partially replacing chemical fertilizers by organic fertilizers can improve soil quality and fertility, which is conducive to the green and sustainable development of agricultural soil. In this study, to determine the appropriate proportion of organic fertilizers to partially replace chemical fertilizers in rice planting and achieve the chemical fertilizer reduction and efficiency enhancement, the early rice variety Zhongzu 18 was used for analyzing rice yield, rice quality, and plant traits. The results showed that compared with CK, fertilization significantly increased rice yield; compared with CF, the rice yield of 60M treatment was reduced considerably, and 45% was the maximum organic fertilizer replacement ratio that did not affect rice yield. Compared with CK, fertilization significantly increased the head rice rate, chalky grain rate, starch content and protein content; compared with CF, the head rice rate and starch content of rice in 60M treatment were significantly reduced, and 45% was the maximum organic fertilizer replacement ratio that did not affect rice quality. Compared with CK, fertilization significantly increased plant height, tiller number, effective panicle number, panicle number, and panicle length; compared with CF, organic fertilizer substitution did not affect rice plant growth traits. Compared with CK, fertilization significantly changed the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content of the plants; compared with CF, the nitrogen and potassium content of the plants in the 60M treatment was significantly reduced, and 45% was the maximum organic fertilizer substitution ratio that did not affect plant nutrients. In summary, compared with the application of chemical fertilizers, the 60% nitrogen substitution treatment of organic fertilizers could have a greater adverse effect on rice yield, rice quality, and plant traits. To achieve the purpose of reducing application quantity of chemical fertilizers and increasing their efficiency, 45% of organic fertilizers and other nitrogen substitutions for chemical fertilizers are the best substitution ratios for rice field cultivation.

Key words: organic fertilizer, equivalent nitrogen replacement, rice yield, rice quality, plant traits

中图分类号:

S511

杨佳佳, 郭瑞, 章日亮, 章哲, 王经邦, 姚燕来. 有机肥等氮替代化肥对水稻地上部稻谷产量、品质及植株性状的影响[J]. 浙江农业科学, 2024, 65(12): 2830-2934.

YANG Jiajia, GUO Rui, ZHANG Riliang, ZHANG Zhe, WANG Jingbang, YAO Yanlai. Effects of organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer with equal nitrogen level on rice yield, quality, and plant traits[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 65(12): 2830-2934.

图/表 5

参考文献 22

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处理	有机肥/ (kg·hm^-2)	尿素/ (kg·hm^-2)	磷酸二氢钾/ (kg·hm^-2)	氯化钾/ (kg·hm^-2)
CK	0	0	0	0
CF	0	244.50	86.55	63.50
15M	637.50	207.90	49.95	64.50
30M	1 275.00	171.15	13.20	65.75
45M	1 912.50	134.55	0	53.50
60M	2 550.00	97.80	0	34.00

处理	有机肥/ (kg·hm^-2)	尿素/ (kg·hm^-2)	磷酸二氢钾/ (kg·hm^-2)	氯化钾/ (kg·hm^-2)
CK	0	0	0	0
CF	0	244.50	86.55	63.50
15M	637.50	207.90	49.95	64.50
30M	1 275.00	171.15	13.20	65.75
45M	1 912.50	134.55	0	53.50
60M	2 550.00	97.80	0	34.00

处理	整精米率/%	精米率/%	出糙率/%	垩白粒率/%	蛋白质含量/%	淀粉含量/%	镉含量/(mg·kg^-1)
CK	48.83±1.87 c	70.48±0.82 a	78.73±0.62 a	46.00±3.65 b	5.92±0.13 d	86.94±0.66 a	0.060±0.011 a
CF	60.35±1.48 a	70.38±0.56 a	79.38±0.48 a	51.50±1.00 a	7.99±0.22 a	85.73±0.36 bc	0.072±0.018 a
15M	60.43±2.18 a	70.50±0.85 a	79.98±0.51 a	56.50±4.20 a	7.66±0.16 b	85.69±0.44 bc	0.077±0.014 a
30M	58.98±1.56 ab	69.58±1.22 a	78.80±1.12 a	53.25±3.77 a	7.50±0.15 bc	85.13±0.44 c	0.069±0.013 a
45M	57.93±2.08 ab	69.73±0.80 a	79.63±0.22 a	55.00±2.00 a	7.67±0.24 b	85.15±0.22 c	0.076±0.021 a
60M	57.25±1.17 b	69.98±1.39 a	79.53±1.19 a	53.75±4.03 a	7.32±0.20 c	86.22±0.55 b	0.081±0.010 a

处理	整精米率/%	精米率/%	出糙率/%	垩白粒率/%	蛋白质含量/%	淀粉含量/%	镉含量/(mg·kg^-1)
CK	48.83±1.87 c	70.48±0.82 a	78.73±0.62 a	46.00±3.65 b	5.92±0.13 d	86.94±0.66 a	0.060±0.011 a
CF	60.35±1.48 a	70.38±0.56 a	79.38±0.48 a	51.50±1.00 a	7.99±0.22 a	85.73±0.36 bc	0.072±0.018 a
15M	60.43±2.18 a	70.50±0.85 a	79.98±0.51 a	56.50±4.20 a	7.66±0.16 b	85.69±0.44 bc	0.077±0.014 a
30M	58.98±1.56 ab	69.58±1.22 a	78.80±1.12 a	53.25±3.77 a	7.50±0.15 bc	85.13±0.44 c	0.069±0.013 a
45M	57.93±2.08 ab	69.73±0.80 a	79.63±0.22 a	55.00±2.00 a	7.67±0.24 b	85.15±0.22 c	0.076±0.021 a
60M	57.25±1.17 b	69.98±1.39 a	79.53±1.19 a	53.75±4.03 a	7.32±0.20 c	86.22±0.55 b	0.081±0.010 a

处理	株高/cm	单株分蘖数	单株有效穗数	穗粒数	穗长/cm
CK	79.10±7.00 c	7.25±2.11 b	6.17±1.38 b	270.42±45.69 b	16.91±0.23 b
CF	91.76±5.64 ab	12.34±0.47 a	12.09±0.69 a	351.00±31.82 a	19.47±0.48 a
15M	94.94±3.00 a	12.08±2.47 a	11.75±2.36 a	390.67±26.91 a	20.08±0.57 a
30M	91.79±3.50 ab	14.84±1.84 a	13.92±1.71 a	369.58±38.10 a	19.73±1.11 a
45M	93.50±1.86 ab	12.75±2.08 a	11.75±2.08 a	343.08±26.87 a	19.28±0.33 a
60M	86.50±4.00 b	13.58±2.13 a	13.00±1.51 a	364.42±28.98 a	19.80±0.62 a