化肥有机替代对鲜食玉米产量品质及土壤肥力的影响

doi:10.16178/j.issn.0528-9017.20230356

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

有机肥替代部分化肥是实现化肥使用零增长和作物稳产增产的重要途径,也是化肥减施增效的重要措施之一。探究适宜的有机肥替代率是有机肥配施首要解决的难题之一。该研究以鲜食玉米为实验材料,于2022年5月在龙游县布置田间小区试验,比较不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(RF)、15%有机肥替代(15% M)和30%有机肥替代(30% M)对鲜食玉米产量及土壤养分状况的影响。研究表明,CK对照组土壤pH值、土壤各肥力指标都明显低于常规施肥及有机替代处理组。与常规施肥(RF)相比,有机替代处理提高土壤pH值,抑制了土壤酸化的趋势。与常规施肥相比,有机肥配施增加了土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷和速效钾含量。因此,有机肥替代部分化肥可以提高土壤肥力,改善土壤性状,且改善土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、土壤蔗糖酶的活性。与常规施肥相比,有机肥替代处理化肥施用量减少,但鲜食玉米产量分别增加6.0%和2.3%。有机肥替代15%化肥更有利于提高土壤生产力。建议生产中注重肥料的投入,合理配施有机肥,定期进行土壤培肥,实现节肥增效的目标。

关键词: 有机替代, 化肥, 玉米, 土壤肥力, 营养品质

Abstract:

Replacing some chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers is an important way to achieve zero growth in chemical fertilizer use and stable crop yield, and it is also one of the important measures to reduce the application of chemical fertilizers and increase efficiency. Exploring the appropriate substitution rate of organic fertilizer is one of the primary problems to be solved by organic fertilizer application. In this study, fresh maize was used as experimental material and field trials were conducted in Longyou County in May 2022 to compare the effects of no fertilization (CK), conventional fertilization (RF), 15% organic fertilizer substitution (15% M) and 30% organic fertilizer substitution (30% M) on the yield and soil nutrient status of fresh maize. The results showed that the soil pH value and soil fertility indexes in the CK control group were significantly lower than those in the conventional fertilization and organic alternative treatment group. Compared with conventional fertilization (RF), organic substitution treatment increased soil pH value and inhibited the tendency of soil acidification. Compared with conventional fertilization, organic fertilizer combined application increased the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available phosphorus and available potassium. Therefore, replacing some chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers can improve soil fertility, improve soil properties, and improve the activities of soil urease, acid phosphatase, catalase, and soil sucrase. Compared with conventional fertilization, the amount of chemical fertilizer applied in the organic fertilizer substitution treatment decreased, but the yield of fresh maize increased by 6.0% and 2.3%, respectively. Replacing 15% chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer is more conducive to improving soil productivity. It is suggested that we should pay attention to the input of fertilizer in production, reasonably apply organic fertilizer, and carry out regular soil fertilization to achieve the goal of saving fertilizer and increasing efficiency.

Key words: organic substitution, chemical fertilizers, maize, soil fertility, nutritional quality

中图分类号:

S513

徐有祥, 朱真令, 王昱妃, 周凌霄. 化肥有机替代对鲜食玉米产量品质及土壤肥力的影响[J]. 浙江农业科学, 2024, 65(6): 1329-1332.

XU Youxiang, ZHU Zhenling, WANG Yufei, ZHOU Lingxiao. Effects of organic substitution of chemical fertilizers on yield, quality and soil fertility of fresh maize[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 65(6): 1329-1332.

图/表 4

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处理	pH值	有机质含量/ (g·kg^-1)	全氮含量/ (g·kg^-1)	全磷含量/ (g·kg^-1)	全钾含量/ (g·kg^-1)	有效磷含量/ (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾含量/ (mg·kg^-1)
CK	5.47 a	28.6 c	1.60 c	13.07 b	25.03 c	86.8 d	277 c
RF	5.26 b	28.8 c	1.67 c	14.79 b	25.01 c	120.9 c	349 a
15% M	5.30 b	31.5 b	1.88 b	17.94 a	26.09 b	175.4 a	377 a
30% M	5.41 a	37.6 a	2.43 a	16.50 a	27.26 a	146.1 b	312 b

处理	pH值	有机质含量/ (g·kg^-1)	全氮含量/ (g·kg^-1)	全磷含量/ (g·kg^-1)	全钾含量/ (g·kg^-1)	有效磷含量/ (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾含量/ (mg·kg^-1)
CK	5.47 a	28.6 c	1.60 c	13.07 b	25.03 c	86.8 d	277 c
RF	5.26 b	28.8 c	1.67 c	14.79 b	25.01 c	120.9 c	349 a
15% M	5.30 b	31.5 b	1.88 b	17.94 a	26.09 b	175.4 a	377 a
30% M	5.41 a	37.6 a	2.43 a	16.50 a	27.26 a	146.1 b	312 b

处理	蔗糖酶活性/ (mg·d^-1·g^-1)	酸性磷酸酶活性/ (nmol·h^-1·g^-1)	脲酶活性/ (μg·d^-1·g^-1)	过氧化氢酶活性/ (μmol·h^-1·g^-1)
CK	11.9 b	1 216 a	335 c	126 a
RF	11.9 b	1 016 b	339 c	128 a
15% M	12.3 b	897 c	373 a	118 a
30% M	15.5 a	792 c	358 b	98 b

处理	蔗糖酶活性/ (mg·d^-1·g^-1)	酸性磷酸酶活性/ (nmol·h^-1·g^-1)	脲酶活性/ (μg·d^-1·g^-1)	过氧化氢酶活性/ (μmol·h^-1·g^-1)
CK	11.9 b	1 216 a	335 c	126 a
RF	11.9 b	1 016 b	339 c	128 a
15% M	12.3 b	897 c	373 a	118 a
30% M	15.5 a	792 c	358 b	98 b

处理	667 m²产量/kg	比空白/%	比常规施肥/%
CK	854.4 c	0	-12.6
RF	977.5 b	+14.4	0
15% M	1 036.2 a	+21.3	6.0
30% M	999.7 b	+17.0	2.3