化肥减量对太湖流域土壤肥力、水稻产量及氮磷养分吸收的影响

doi:10.16178/j.issn.0528-9017.20231191

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为解决水稻生产中化肥施用过量和施用方式不当的问题,为水稻化肥减量增效技术提供理论支持,以水稻南粳46为研究对象,通过比较不同施肥处理对水稻产量、养分吸收及土壤理化性质的影响,探讨不同化肥减量措施的实施效果。与常规化肥(CF)处理相比,配方肥(FF)和有机无机复混肥(OF)处理的水稻产量分别显著增加7.0%和8.6%,生物质炭基复合肥(BF)处理增产效果不显著;OF处理的水稻有效穗数显著提高了11.3%。不同施肥处理间的水稻穗粒数和千粒重无显著差异。与CF处理相比,OF和BF处理水稻地上部氮吸收量分别显著增加15.3%和15.9%;FF、OF和BF处理氮肥偏生产力分别显著提高15.9%、17.7%和14.0%;BF处理水稻地上部磷吸收量显著增加10.7%,而FF处理地上部磷吸收量与CF处理无显著性差异;FF和BF处理磷肥偏生产力显著提高了78.3%和76.4%。与CF处理相比,化肥减量处理能维持土壤全氮含量;OF和BF处理土壤有机质含量分别显著提高7.8%和9.3%。综合考虑水稻产量、养分吸收以及土壤肥力,OF处理在减氮7.7%、不施磷、减钾42.9%的条件下,提高了土壤有机质含量,促进了水稻地上部氮素的吸收与积累,增加了水稻有效穗数,可以实现水稻增产,提升肥料偏生产力,因而是当地实现化肥减量增效的最佳施肥措施。

关键词: 化肥减量, 土壤养分, 水稻产量, 养分吸收

Abstract:

In order to solve the problem of excessive chemical fertilizer application and improper application method in rice production, provide theoretical support for reducing dosage and increasing efficiency of rice chemical fertilizers, effects of different fertilization treatments on rice yield, nutrient uptake and soil physicochemical properties were compared by comparing the effects of different fertilization treatments, and the implementation effect of different chemical fertilizer reduction measures was discussed. Compared with CF treatment, the yield of rice under FF and OF treatments were significantly increased by 7.0% and 8.6%, respectively, but the yield increase effect of BF treatment was not significant. Compared with CF treatment, the effective panicle number of rice treated with OF treatment was significantly increased by 11.3%. There were no significant differences in grain number per panicle and 1 000-grain weight among different fertilization treatments. Compared with CF treatment, the nitrogen uptake in the shoots of OF and BF treatments increased significantly by 15.3% and 15.9%, respectively. Compared with CF treatment, the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer in FF, OF and BF treatments were significantly increased by 15.9%, 17.7% and 14.0%, respectively. Compared with CF treatment, the phosphorus uptake in the shoots of BF treatment was significantly increased by 10.7%, while there was no significant difference between FF treatment and CF treatment. Compared with CF treatment, the partial productivity of phosphate fertilizer in FF and BF treatments were significantly increased by 78.3% and 76.4%. Compared with CF treatment, chemical fertilizer reduction treatment could maintain soil total nitrogen content. Compared with CF treatment, the soil organic matter content of OF and BF treatments was significantly increased by 7.8% and 9.3%, respectively. Considering the rice yield, nutrient uptake and soil fertility, under the conditions of 7.7% reduction in nitrogen, no phosphorus application and 42.9% reduction in potassium, the OF treatment increased the content of soil organic matter, promoted the uptake and accumulation of nitrogen in the shoots of rice, and increased the number of effective panicles of rice, which could increase the yield of rice and improve the partial productivity of fertilizer, so it was the best fertilization measure to reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer and increase the efficiency of chemical fertilizer.

Key words: fertilizer reduction, soil nutrients, rice yield, nutrient uptake

中图分类号:

S511

祖若川, 王静波. 化肥减量对太湖流域土壤肥力、水稻产量及氮磷养分吸收的影响[J]. 浙江农业科学, 2025, 66(2): 293-297.

ZU Ruochuan, WANG Jingbo. Effects of chemical fertilizer reduction on soil fertility, rice yield and nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient uptake in Tai Lake region[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 66(2): 293-297.

图/表 4

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处理	基肥		分蘖肥尿素/ (kg·hm^-2)	穗肥尿素/ (kg·hm^-2)	合计/(kg·hm^-2)
处理	肥料种类	用量/(kg·hm^-2)	分蘖肥尿素/ (kg·hm^-2)	穗肥尿素/ (kg·hm^-2)	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
CF	常规化肥(N 15%,P₂O₅ 15%,K₂O 15%)	525.00	225.00	225.00	285.75	78.75	78.75
FF	配方肥(N 20%,P₂O₅ 9%,K₂O 15%)	525.00	165.00	180.00	263.70	47.25	78.75
OF	有机无机复混肥(N 12%,P₂O₅ 0%,K₂O 3%)	1 500.00	76.50	105.00	263.70	0.00	45.00
BF	生物质炭基复合肥(N 19%,P₂O₅ 9%,K₂O 12%)	525.00	180.00	180.00	265.35	47.25	63.00

处理	基肥		分蘖肥尿素/ (kg·hm^-2)	穗肥尿素/ (kg·hm^-2)	合计/(kg·hm^-2)
处理	肥料种类	用量/(kg·hm^-2)	分蘖肥尿素/ (kg·hm^-2)	穗肥尿素/ (kg·hm^-2)	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
CF	常规化肥(N 15%,P₂O₅ 15%,K₂O 15%)	525.00	225.00	225.00	285.75	78.75	78.75
FF	配方肥(N 20%,P₂O₅ 9%,K₂O 15%)	525.00	165.00	180.00	263.70	47.25	78.75
OF	有机无机复混肥(N 12%,P₂O₅ 0%,K₂O 3%)	1 500.00	76.50	105.00	263.70	0.00	45.00
BF	生物质炭基复合肥(N 19%,P₂O₅ 9%,K₂O 12%)	525.00	180.00	180.00	265.35	47.25	63.00

处理	产量/(kg·hm^-2)	有效穗数/(万·hm^-2)	穗粒数	千粒重/g
CF	7 977.60±197.45 b	236.35±14.64 b	119.25±20.80 a	26.68±0.33 a
FF	8 535.60±189.20 a	249.69±4.57 ab	127.08±18.31 a	27.01±0.25 a
OF	8 663.92±138.63 a	263.09±7.60 a	128.67±18.91 a	26.66±0.82 a
BF	8 443.50±445.40 ab	255.78±11.76 ab	134.00±13.04 a	25.97±1.26 a

处理	产量/(kg·hm^-2)	有效穗数/(万·hm^-2)	穗粒数	千粒重/g
CF	7 977.60±197.45 b	236.35±14.64 b	119.25±20.80 a	26.68±0.33 a
FF	8 535.60±189.20 a	249.69±4.57 ab	127.08±18.31 a	27.01±0.25 a
OF	8 663.92±138.63 a	263.09±7.60 a	128.67±18.91 a	26.66±0.82 a
BF	8 443.50±445.40 ab	255.78±11.76 ab	134.00±13.04 a	25.97±1.26 a

处理	地上部氮吸收量/(kg·hm^-2)	氮肥偏生产力/(kg·kg^-1)	地上部磷吸收量/(kg·hm^-2)	磷肥偏生产力/(kg·kg^-1)
CF	248.75±2.23 b	27.92±0.69 b	37.61±1.16 c	101.30±2.51 b
FF	257.31±1.83 b	32.37±0.72 a	39.17±0.75 bc	180.65±4.00 a
OF	286.70±7.20 a	32.86±0.53 a	40.11±1.21 ab	0
BF	288.42±18.54 a	31.82±1.68 a	41.64±0.26 a	178.70±9.43 a