桐乡市渔业水环境时空变化及其影响因素

doi:10.16178/j.issn.0528-9017.20230758

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探求桐乡市渔业水源水质状况及其影响因素,文章以2014—2022年渔业水域的中小河道为研究对象,测定水体pH值、溶解氧、总磷、总氮、氨氮等水环境指标,分析渔业水源水环境的时空变化规律,利用综合污染指数法评价水体质量,结合水产养殖尾水水质状况,探讨水产养殖对水源水环境的影响。结果表明,2014—2022年桐乡渔业水源水质状况总体较为稳定,存在一定程度的氮磷污染;除全氮外,水质状况在生产季节存在一定的季节性差异;东北区域水源水质优于西南区域。水质综合污染指数法评价结果表明,水源水质存在污染,污染水平为超出警戒水平。相关性和主成分分析结果显示,水源水主要受到水中氮磷的含量、水质pH值和溶解氧变化以及水中有机物的影响,其中氮磷是主要影响因素。水产养殖尾水均符合排放标准,水质综合污染指数、养殖面积和水产品产量间相关性均不显著。因此,桐乡市渔业水源水存在一定程度的污染风险,水产养殖尾水排放对水源水质影响较小;建议水产养殖过程中对水源水进行预处理后用于养殖,重点关注氮磷污染。

关键词: 渔业水源, 水产养殖, 影响因子, 相关性, 主成分分析

Abstract:

In Tongxiang City, there are many rivers which are used for aquaculture. In order to ascertain the water quality and their main influencing factors of rivers in Tongxiang City, we applied the water quality monitoring data in 2014-2022, determined pH value, the contents of dissolved oxygen(DO), total phosphorus(TP), total nitrogen(TN), ammonia nitrogen(NH₃-N) in rivers and analyzed their temporal and spatial variation. The comprehensive pollution index method was used to evaluate the water quality. Combined with the quality of discharge water from freshwater aquaculture ponds, effects of aquaculture on water environment was discussed. Result showed that water quality of rivers in Tongxiang was generally stable from 2014 to 2022, and there was a certain degree of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution. The water quality in rivers had some seasonal and regional differences, which in northeast of Tongxiang was better than that in southwest. The evaluation result of water quality showed that there was pollution in the rivers, which was beyond the warning level. Correlation and principal component analysis showed that the water quality was mainly affected by the contents of nitrogen and phosphorus in rivers, the change of pH value and DO, and the organic contents in water, among which nitrogen and phosphorus were the main influencing factors. Quality of discharge water from freshwater aquaculture ponds up to standards, and there was no significant correlation between water quality comprehensive pollution index, aquaculture area and output of aquatic products. In conclusion, there was a certain degree of pollution risk in rivers of Tongxiang City, and discharge water from freshwater aquaculture ponds has little impact on water quality. It was suggested that the water in rivers should be pretreated for aquaculture, focusing on nitrogen and phosphorus pollution.

Key words: water in rivers, aquaculture, influencing factors, correlation, principle component analysis

中图分类号:

X524

姚德强, 孙伟杰, 孙博怿, 徐卫国, 沈天富, 吕烨锋, 王珏, 施沁璇. 桐乡市渔业水环境时空变化及其影响因素[J]. 浙江农业科学, 2024, 65(7): 1720-1726.

YAO Deqiang, SUN Weijie, SUN Boyi, XU Weiguo, SHEN Tianfu, LYU Yefeng, WANG Jue, SHI Qinxuan. Temporal and spatial variation and influencing factors in fishery water of Tongxiang City[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, 2024, 65(7): 1720-1726.

图/表 13

表1 水质分级标准

Table 1 Water quality grading standard

等级划定	M_i	污染程度	污染水平
1	<0.5	清洁	清洁
2	0.5~1.0	尚清洁	标准限量内
3	>1.0	污染	超出警戒水平

图1 水源水质年际变化特征

Fig.1 Interannual variation of water quality in rivers

图2 水源水质不同生产季节变化特征

Fig.2 Seasonal variation of water quality in rivers

图3 水源水质不同区域变化特征

Fig.3 Regional variation of water quality in rivers

图4 2014—2022年水质综合污染指数

Fig.4 Comprehensive water pollution index(Mi) in rivers from 2014 to 2022

图5 不同生产季节水质综合污染指数

Fig.5 Comprehensive water pollution index(Mi) in rivers of different seasons

图6 不同区域水质综合污染指数

Fig.6 Comprehensive water pollution index(Mi) in rivers of different areas

表2 各水质因子间的相关关系

Table 2 The correlations among water environmental factors

指标	DO	NH₃-N	TP	TN	COD_Mn
pH值	0.553^**	0.080	0.072	0.025	0.037
DO		0.069	0.095	0.062	0.101
NH₃-N			0.317^*	0.433^**	-0.121^*
TP				0.341^**	-0.074
TN					0.083

表3 本研究中主成分分析主要计算结果

Table 3 The main calculated results of principal component analysis(PCA) in this study

指标	第一主成分 PC1	第二主成分 PC2	第三主成分 PC3
特征值	1.832	1.483	1.032
方差贡献率/%	30.532	24.718	17.198
累积方差贡献率/%	30.532	55.249	72.447
pH	0.475	0.721	-0.191
DO	0.496	0.725	-0.066
NH₃-N	0.692	-0.370	-0.095
TP	0.647	-0.302	-0.046
TN	0.680	-0.364	0.338
COD_Mn	-0.012	0.280	0.930

图7 渔业养殖尾水不同生产季节水质状况

Fig.7 Quality of discharge water from freshwater aquaculture ponds in different seasons

图8 渔业养殖尾水不同区域水质状况

Fig.8 Quality of discharge water from freshwater aquaculture ponds in different areas

图9 渔业养殖尾水平均单项污染指数(Pi)

Fig.9 Individual pollution index of discharge water from freshwater aquaculture ponds

表4 水源水水质综合污染指数、养殖面积和水产品产量间的相关关系

Table 4 The correlations among Mi, aquaculture area and output of aquatic products

指标	养殖面积	水产品产量
M_i	0.376	0.139
养殖面积		0.446

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