动物源有机肥对茶园土壤、茶叶生长与品质的影响

doi:10.16178/j.issn.0528-9017.20240793

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究动物源有机肥对茶园土壤以及茶叶生长与品质的影响,在田间试验条件下,设置连续1 a不施肥(ZY_CK)、施复合肥(ZY_FHF)、施虾肥(ZY_XF)和施肉肥(ZY_RF)等4个处理,对茶叶产量、品质、土壤养分进行检测分析,同时采用Illumina Novaseq 6000高通量测序技术测定茶园土壤细菌群落结构。结果表明,施用肉肥能够大大提高茶叶百芽重和产量,比CK处理高11.20 g、1 884.05 kg·hm^-2;与CK相比,茶园施肥能够提高茶叶氨基酸、咖啡碱和茶多酚含量,感官审评结果以肉肥处理效果最优;此外,茶园配施虾肥和肉肥能提高土壤全氮、有机质和水解性氮含量,改善茶园土壤肥力;在细菌群落方面,茶园土壤的细菌组成以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinomycetes)为优势菌门,肉肥处理土壤细菌的运算分类单元(OTU)数量最多,且其大大增加了细菌群落的Alpha多样性,表明施用肉肥可提高土壤细菌群落的多样性。综上,茶园施肉肥的处理效果更为理想。

关键词: 动物源有机肥, 茶叶, 产量, 品质, 土壤养分, 细菌群落

Abstract:

In order to explore the effects of animal-derived organic fertilizer on the soil and tea growth and quality of tea plantations, four treatments were set up under the field test conditions of no fertilization (ZY_CK) within one year, compound fertilizer (ZY_FHF), shrimp fertilizer (ZY_XF) and meat fertilizer (ZY_RF), and the yield, quality and soil nutrients of tea were detected and analyzed, and the bacterial community structure of the soil of tea plantation was determined by Illumina Novaseq 6000 high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that the application of meat fertilizer could obviously increase the 100-bud weight and yield of tea, which were 11.20 g and 1 884.05 kg·hm^-2 higher than those of CK treatment. Compared with CK, fertilization could increase the contents of amino acids, caffeine and tea polyphenols in tea, and the sensory evaluation results showed that meat fertilizer treatment had the best effect. Besides, the application of shrimp fertilizer and meat fertilizer in tea plantations could increase the contents of soil total nitrogen, organic matter and hydrolyzable nitrogen, and improve soil fertility in tea plantations. In terms of bacterial community, the composition of soil bacteria was dominated by Proteobacteria and Actinomycetes, and the total number of soil bacterial opertational taxonomic unit (OTU) was the highest in meat fertilizer treatment, and the alpha diversity of bacterial community was obviously increased, indicating that meat fertilizer application could improve the diversity of soil bacterial community. Overall, the effect of meat fertilizer treatment is more satisfactory.

Key words: animal-derived organic fertilizers, tea, yield, quality, soil nutrients, bacterial community

中图分类号:

S571.1

李金秋, 韦瑛璐, 黄婷婷, 王磊. 动物源有机肥对茶园土壤、茶叶生长与品质的影响[J]. 浙江农业科学, 2025, 66(11): 2593-2600.

LI Jinqiu, WEI Yinglu, HUANG Tingting, WANG Lei. Effects of animal-derived organic fertilizer application on soil and tea growth and quality in tea plantation[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 66(11): 2593-2600.

图/表 12

表1 不同施肥处理对茶叶生长的影响

Table 1 Effects of different fertilization treatments on tea growth

处理	产量/ (kg·hm^-2)	百芽重/ g	发芽密度 (每0.11 m²发芽个数)/个
ZY_CK	1 526.05	15.20	109.33
ZY_FHF	1 826.05	16.90	117.67
ZY_XF	2 600.00	19.80	143.00
ZY_RF	3 410.10	26.40	140.67

表2 不同施肥处理对茶叶生化品质的影响

Table 2 Effects of different fertilization treatments on the biochemical quality of tea 单位:%

处理	水浸出物含量	氨基酸含量	咖啡碱含量	茶多酚含量
ZY_CK	50.03	3.52	3.31	20.97
ZY_FHF	48.29	4.05	3.59	21.18
ZY_RF	47.81	3.84	3.34	20.99
ZY_XF	47.79	3.74	3.30	21.79

表3 不同施肥处理对茶叶感官品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of different fertilization treatments on the sensory quality of tea

处理	外形(25%)		汤色(10%)		香气(25%)		滋味(30%)		叶底(10%)		总分
处理	评语	得分	评语	得分	评语	得分	评语	得分	评语	得分	总分
ZY_RF	紧结、色泽黄绿、尚匀整、净度较好	84.00	黄绿明亮	88.00	高爽有栗香、浓、较持久	95.00	醇厚鲜爽	93.00	黄绿、亮、匀齐	89.00	90.35
ZY_FHF	紧结、色泽黄绿、油润、匀整、净度较好	88.00	黄绿较亮	84.00	栗香、微闷	92.00	清爽、微收敛	90.00	黄绿、亮、尚匀齐	88.00	89.20
ZY_CK	尚紧结、色泽黄绿、较匀整、净度尚好	82.00	黄绿尚亮	86.00	栗香、闷味	89.00	尚醇、水闷味	88.00	黄绿、亮、较匀齐	87.00	86.45
ZY_XF	紧结、色泽黄绿、尚匀整、较油润	86.00	黄绿较亮	85.00	栗香、较持久	94.00	鲜爽、尚醇厚	92.00	黄绿、尚亮、尚匀齐	85.00	89.60

表4 不同施肥处理对土壤理化性质的影响

Table 4 Effects of different fertilization treatments on the physical and chemical properties of soil

处理	pH值	全氮含量/ (g·kg^-1)	全磷含量/ (g·kg^-1)	有效磷含量/ (mg·kg^-1)	有机质含量/ (g·kg^-1)	水解性氮含量/ (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾含量/ (mg·kg^-1)	全钾含量/ (g·kg^-1)
ZY_FHF	6.22	2.86	1.74	670.00	47.30	272.00	816.00	31.00
ZY_XF	4.86	4.41	1.92	469.00	76.00	380.00	477.00	29.20
ZY_RF	5.54	3.27	1.10	230.00	54.40	334.00	376.00	29.20
ZY_CK	5.48	2.69	1.43	490.00	44.30	204.00	427.00	29.60
优质高产标准	4.50~5.50	>1.50	>1.00	>15.00	>20.00	>100.00	>100.00	>10.00

图1 茶叶品质与土壤理化因子的相关性分析

Fig.1 Correlation analysis of tea quality and soil physical and chemical factors

图2 不同施肥处理对茶园土壤细菌群落韦恩图

Fig.2 Venn diagrams of soil bacterial communities in tea plantations under different fertilization treatments

图3 不同施肥处理下茶园土壤细菌群落Rank-Abundance曲线

Fig.3 Rank-Abundance curves of soil bacterial communities in tea plantations under different fertilization treatments

表5 不同施肥处理对茶园土壤细菌Alpha多样性的影响

Table 5 Effects of different fertilization treatments on the Alpha diversity of soil bacteria in tea plantations

处理	Shannon 指数	Simpson 指数	Chao1 指数	ACE 指数	覆盖率/ %
ZY_FHF	5.47	0.991	977.45	974.37	99.10
ZY_XF	4.98	0.980	798.30	798.15	99.20
ZY_RF	6.11	0.995	1 136.00	1 143.01	99.00
ZY_CK	5.40	0.990	788.64	800.61	99.40

图4 不同处理茶园土壤微生物的相对丰度(门水平) Others,其他;Myxococcota,黏细菌门;Cyanobacteria,蓝藻门;Acitinobacteriota,放线菌门;Bacterioidota,拟杆菌门;Gemmatimonadota,芽单胞菌门;Acidobacteriota,酸杆菌门;Firmicutes,厚壁菌门;Acitinobacteria,放线菌纲;Proteobacteria,变形菌门;unidentified_Bacteria,未定义细菌门。

Fig.4 The relative abundance of soil microorganisms in different treated tea plantations (at the phylum level)

图5 不同处理茶园土壤微生物的相对丰度(属水平) Pseudolabrys,假双斧状菌属;Devosia,德沃斯氏菌属;Unidentified-Micropepsaceae,未定义Micropepsaceae科菌属;Actinomadura,马杜拉放线菌属;Bradyrhizobium,慢生根瘤菌属;Sporosarcina,芽孢八叠球菌属;Mycobacterium,分枝杆菌属;Sphingomonas,鞘氨醇单胞杆菌属;Chujaibacter,诸氏杆菌属;Rhodanobacter,罗河杆菌属。

Fig.5 The relative abundance of soil microorganisms in different treated tea plantations (at the genus level)

图6 不同施肥处理下土壤理化性质与细菌门的Spearman相关性热图 “**”表示极显著水平p<0.01,图7同。Proteobacteria,变形菌门;Acitinobacteria,放线菌纲;Unidentified_Archaea,未定义古菌门;Cyanobacteria,蓝藻门;Unidentified_Bacteria,未定义细菌门;Planctomycetota,浮霉菌门;Firmicutes,厚壁菌门;Actinobacteriota,放线菌门;Acidobacteriota,酸杆菌门;Others,其他菌门;Gemmatimonadota,芽单胞菌门;Myxococcota,黏细菌门;Bacterioidota,拟杆菌门;Desulfobacterota,脱硫细菌门;Verrucomicrobiota,疣微菌门;Nitrospirota,硝化螺旋菌门;Crenarchaeota,泉古菌门;Methylomirabilota,甲基胞囊菌门。

Fig.6 Heatmap of Spearman correlation between soil physical and chemical properties and bacterial phyla under different fertilization treatments

图7 不同施肥处理下土壤理化性质与细菌属的Spearman相关性热图 Nocardia,诺卡氏菌属;Angustibacter,窄杆菌属;Intrasporangium,孢囊放线菌属;Vicinamibacter,近缘杆菌属;Granulicella,窄杆菌属;Nakamurella,中村菌属;Cryptosporangium,隐孢囊菌属;Blastococcus,芽球菌属;Methanosarcina,甲烷八叠球菌属;unidentified_Solibacte raceae,未定义;Edaphobacter,土杆菌属;Terrabacter,地杆菌属;Catenulispora,链孢囊菌属;Oryzihumus,米土菌属;Acidothermus,酸热菌属;Gordonia,戈登氏菌属;Rhodococcus,红球菌属;Geodermatophilus,地嗜皮菌属;Cellulomonas,纤维单胞菌属;Tomitella,Tomitella属;Luteitalea,Luteitalea属;Unidentified-Nirtrososphaeraceae,未定义硝化球菌科菌属;Occallatibacter,河岸杆菌属;Mycobacterium,分枝杆菌属;Jatrophihabitans,Jatrophihabitans属;Bryobacter,苔藓杆菌属;Willianmsia,威廉姆斯氏菌属。

Fig.7 Heatmap of Spearman correlation between soil physical and chemical properties and bacterial genera under different fertilization treatments

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