水产品中微塑料的检测及其研究进展

doi:10.16178/j.issn.0528-9017.20240652

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

微塑料是指能长时间存在于大气、土壤和水中,尺寸<5 mm的塑料碎片或颗粒。近年来,塑料工业的蓬勃发展,带来了严重的环境污染问题,降解的微塑料通过食物链在水产品内富集,危害人类健康。本文汇总了广泛应用的水产品组织消解方法,及其对生物组织的去除效果,介绍了消解水产品组织溶液密度分离、染色的常规方法,简述了利用立体显微电镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪、拉曼光谱仪、热裂解-气质仪等设备识别微塑料的优势和不足之处,收集了近2 a提出的快速分析方法。光谱法作为经典检测方法,常被用于识别尺寸>50 μm的微塑料,热裂解-气质法作为其补充方法,可以准确鉴定50 μm至纳米级的微塑料,实现在微克级别的可靠定量。但仪器分析方法的样品制备和分析时间较长,且适用范围不同,因此,未来的研发应更多地朝着高通量、更灵活和易操作的快速分析的方向探索。

关键词: 微塑料, 水产品, 检测技术, 快速检测

Abstract:

Microplastics are plastic fragments or particles less than 5 mm in size, which can exist in the atmosphere, soil and water for a long time. In recent years, the vigorous development of plastic industry produced serious environmental pollution. Microplastics can enrich in aquatic products through the food chain and harm human health. This review summarized the widely used methods for digesting aquatic product tissues and their removal effects on biological tissues, introduced the conventional methods for separating and staining the solution density of digested aquatic product tissues and briefly introduced the advantages and disadvantages of using electron microscopy, Fourier infrared spectrometer, Raman spectrometer, the Py-GC/MS for idenjpgying microplastic. Finally, the rapid analysis methods proposed in recent two years were collected. Spectroscopy as a classical detection method, often used to idenjpgy microplastic larger than 50 μm in size, as a supplementary method to the thermal cracking of temperament method can accurately idenjpgy 50 μm to nanoscale plastic particles, within the scope of implementation in μg reliable quantitative. However, the sample preparation and analysis time of instrumental analysis methods is relatively long, and their applicable scopes are different. Therefore, future study and development should be more in the direction of high throughput, more flexible and easier to operate.

Key words: microplastics, aquatic product, detection technology, rapid detection

中图分类号:

S634.3

陈翊, 姚梦竹, 李志鹏, 王爽, 张宜明. 水产品中微塑料的检测及其研究进展[J]. 浙江农业科学, 2025, 66(8): 1846-1852.

CHEN Yi, YAO Mengzhu, LI Zhipeng, WANG Shuang, ZHANG Yiming. Detection and research progress of microplastics in aquatic products[J]. Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural Sciences, 2025, 66(8): 1846-1852.

图/表 1

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消解方式	生物组织部位	消解条件	生物组织消解率/%	回收率/%	备注	参考文献
酸消解	贻贝软体组织	HNO₃∶HClO₄(4∶1,V/V),室温,一整夜	—	—	—	[11]
	虎斑乌贼鳃、胃和肌肉	HNO₃∶H₂O₂(4∶1,V/V),75 ℃下磁力搅拌	100.00	96.29	PP出现轻微形变	[12]
	鱼体消化道组织	HNO₃∶H₂O₂(4∶1,V/V),25 ℃,12 h	—	90.00	—	[13]
酶法消解	鲢鱼肌肉、胃、肠、肝脏、鳃丝、鳃弓以及白蛤软体部	RIPA组织裂解液+蛋白酶K	(92.94±11.17)	—	—	[14]
	水产品内脏和表皮	复合酶(0.10 U·mg^-1蛋白酶、0.50 U·mg^-1纤维素酶、0.30 U·mg^-1脂肪酶、0.15 U·mg^-1果胶酶)	—	—	—	[19]
碱消解	斑马鱼和大型溞类	10%KOH,60 ℃,72 h	(96.30±0.50)	—	—	[15]
	鱼体消化道组织	10%KOH,50 ℃, 180 r·min^-1温育振荡6 h	(97.63±4.09)	—	—	[13]
	贻贝肌肉	10%KOH,40 ℃,36 h	98.00~100.00	—	—	[20]
	贝类消化系统	10%KOH,超声5 min后置于振荡培养箱消解24 h	100.00	—	—	[5]
	斑马鱼和大型溞类	KOH∶NaClO(1∶1,V/V)	100.00	—	—	[15]
H₂O₂溶液	贝类软组织	30%H₂O₂原液	—	100.00(PP和PET) 90.00(PVC)	—	[18]
	鲢鱼肌肉、胃、肠、肝脏、鳃丝、鳃弓以及白蛤软体部	30%H₂O₂原液	(65.95±14.93)	—	—	[14]
	贻贝软体组织	30%H₂O₂原液置于65 ℃的振荡培养箱中,在80 r·min^-1下放置24 h,然后室温下放置24~48 h	—	95.00	漂白微塑料	[22]

消解方式	生物组织部位	消解条件	生物组织消解率/%	回收率/%	备注	参考文献
酸消解	贻贝软体组织	HNO₃∶HClO₄(4∶1,V/V),室温,一整夜	—	—	—	[11]
	虎斑乌贼鳃、胃和肌肉	HNO₃∶H₂O₂(4∶1,V/V),75 ℃下磁力搅拌	100.00	96.29	PP出现轻微形变	[12]
	鱼体消化道组织	HNO₃∶H₂O₂(4∶1,V/V),25 ℃,12 h	—	90.00	—	[13]
酶法消解	鲢鱼肌肉、胃、肠、肝脏、鳃丝、鳃弓以及白蛤软体部	RIPA组织裂解液+蛋白酶K	(92.94±11.17)	—	—	[14]
	水产品内脏和表皮	复合酶(0.10 U·mg^-1蛋白酶、0.50 U·mg^-1纤维素酶、0.30 U·mg^-1脂肪酶、0.15 U·mg^-1果胶酶)	—	—	—	[19]
碱消解	斑马鱼和大型溞类	10%KOH,60 ℃,72 h	(96.30±0.50)	—	—	[15]
	鱼体消化道组织	10%KOH,50 ℃, 180 r·min^-1温育振荡6 h	(97.63±4.09)	—	—	[13]
	贻贝肌肉	10%KOH,40 ℃,36 h	98.00~100.00	—	—	[20]
	贝类消化系统	10%KOH,超声5 min后置于振荡培养箱消解24 h	100.00	—	—	[5]
	斑马鱼和大型溞类	KOH∶NaClO(1∶1,V/V)	100.00	—	—	[15]
H₂O₂溶液	贝类软组织	30%H₂O₂原液	—	100.00(PP和PET) 90.00(PVC)	—	[18]
	鲢鱼肌肉、胃、肠、肝脏、鳃丝、鳃弓以及白蛤软体部	30%H₂O₂原液	(65.95±14.93)	—	—	[14]
	贻贝软体组织	30%H₂O₂原液置于65 ℃的振荡培养箱中,在80 r·min^-1下放置24 h,然后室温下放置24~48 h	—	95.00	漂白微塑料	[22]